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Questions and Answers
A ______ is a watch-like instrument that records steps while moving.
A ______ is a watch-like instrument that records steps while moving.
passometer
A ______ measures the distance and is effective in measuring vertical distances.
A ______ measures the distance and is effective in measuring vertical distances.
pedometer
An ______ measures the total distance traveled by a vehicle by counting the number of revolutions.
An ______ measures the total distance traveled by a vehicle by counting the number of revolutions.
odometer
A ______ measures the current speed of a vehicle and is typically found in cars.
A ______ measures the current speed of a vehicle and is typically found in cars.
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Gunter's Chain, often used in land surveying, is ______ feet long.
Gunter's Chain, often used in land surveying, is ______ feet long.
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The ______ Chain is primarily used in land revenue surveys and is 33 feet long.
The ______ Chain is primarily used in land revenue surveys and is 33 feet long.
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Metric Chains are available in lengths of ______ meters and ______ meters.
Metric Chains are available in lengths of ______ meters and ______ meters.
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The ______ chain, measuring 100 feet in length, is preferred for engineering projects in the United States.
The ______ chain, measuring 100 feet in length, is preferred for engineering projects in the United States.
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Steel bands are more flexible, lightweight, and accurate than ______ chains.
Steel bands are more flexible, lightweight, and accurate than ______ chains.
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Cloth or linen tape is often reinforced with ______ or copper wires.
Cloth or linen tape is often reinforced with ______ or copper wires.
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Steel tapes are made of high-quality ______, providing accuracy and durability.
Steel tapes are made of high-quality ______, providing accuracy and durability.
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Invar tape has a very low coefficient of thermal ______, making it resistant to length changes.
Invar tape has a very low coefficient of thermal ______, making it resistant to length changes.
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In surveying, arrows are also known as marking pins or ______ pins.
In surveying, arrows are also known as marking pins or ______ pins.
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Pegs are essential tools for establishing and maintaining ______ points in a survey area.
Pegs are essential tools for establishing and maintaining ______ points in a survey area.
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Ranging rods help surveyors establish straight lines over a ______.
Ranging rods help surveyors establish straight lines over a ______.
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The main function of a ______ is to measure the distance traveled by a person or vehicle.
The main function of a ______ is to measure the distance traveled by a person or vehicle.
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In pacing, the number of ______ is counted as a unit to measure distance.
In pacing, the number of ______ is counted as a unit to measure distance.
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A ______ is an instrument used for measuring walking speed and distance travelled.
A ______ is an instrument used for measuring walking speed and distance travelled.
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The main purpose of ______ is to measure distances directly by positioning instruments at the points.
The main purpose of ______ is to measure distances directly by positioning instruments at the points.
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An ______ typically measures the distance driven by vehicle wheels, useful for knowing total mileage.
An ______ typically measures the distance driven by vehicle wheels, useful for knowing total mileage.
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The primary function of a ______ is to measure the speed of a vehicle based on distance covered over time.
The primary function of a ______ is to measure the speed of a vehicle based on distance covered over time.
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The ______ is a method applied in preliminary surveys for rough distance estimation.
The ______ is a method applied in preliminary surveys for rough distance estimation.
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The ______ can measure distance traveled by a person or vehicle based on a set of steps or wheel rotations.
The ______ can measure distance traveled by a person or vehicle based on a set of steps or wheel rotations.
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When comparing an odometer to a speedometer, the former measures total distance while the latter measures ______.
When comparing an odometer to a speedometer, the former measures total distance while the latter measures ______.
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Study Notes
ASC-111 Surveying and Levelling: Linear Measurements
- Course Instructors: Dr. Jitendra Rajput, Dr. D. K. Singh
- Presented by: Ankita Shinde, Roll No: 12818, PhD II Year, Soil and Water Conservation Engineering
- Location: Division of Agricultural Engineering, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012
Content of Linear Measurements
- Topics covered: Linear Measurements, Different Methods, Direct Measurements, Instruments for Chaining, Ranging out Survey Lines, Chaining
Introduction to Linear Measurement
- Definition 1: Linear measurement is the process of measuring the distance between two points or objects along a straight line.
- Definition 2: It can also be defined as the gap between the leftmost end and the rightmost end.
- Definition 3: Linear measure refers to measurements that are directly proportional to the distance traveled along the axis of the measurement.
Different Methods of Linear Measurements
- Direct Methods: Direct measurements involve physically measuring the distance between two points.
- Measurements by Optical Means: Using optical instruments to measure distance.
- Electromagnetic Method: Employing electromagnetic instruments for distance measurement.
Direct Measurement Methods
- Pacing: Used in preliminary surveys; involves counting steps.
- Passometer: A watch-like instrument that records steps.
- Pedometer: Similar to a passometer, but it calculates distance.
- Odometer/Speedometer (in Vehicles): Measures total distance traveled by a vehicle, recording wheel revolutions.
Chains and Tapes
- Purpose of use: Used for more accurate and large-scale measurements.
-
Chain Types:
- Engineer's Chain: 100 feet long, 100 links, each link 1 foot.
- Gunter's Chain: 66 feet long, 100 links, each link 0.66 feet.
- Revenue Chain: 33 feet long, links measuring 0.66 feet.
- Metric Chain: 20 or 30 meters long, used in metric systems.
-
Tape Types:
- Cloth/Linen Tape: Lightweight and flexible but prone to stretching.
- Steel Tape: High accuracy and durability, prone to rust.
- Invar Tape: High accuracy, low thermal expansion.
Instruments Used for Chain Surveying
- Chains: Used to measure distances.
- Arrows/Marking Pins: Mark intervals along survey lines.
- Pegs: Used to mark specific points on the ground.
- Ranging Rods: Used to visually align points and establish straight lines.
- Offset Rods: Used to measure perpendicular distances from a survey line.
- Plumb Bob: Used to establish a vertical reference line.
Ranging out Survey Lines
- Definition: A fundamental surveying process used to establish a straight line between two or more points.
-
Methods of ranging:
- Direct Ranging: Used when both endpoints are visible.
- Indirect Ranging/Reciprocal Ranging: Used when endpoints are not directly visible.
Error Due to Incorrect Chain Length
- Temperature Variations: Chains expand and contract with temperature changes.
- Wear and Tear: Chains can stretch or shrink over time.
- Manufacturing Defects: Chains may have imperfections.
- Incorrect Calibration: Chains not regularly checked can deviate from nominal lengths.
Types of Errors Related to Incorrect Chain Length
- Chain too long: Measured distances are underestimated.
- Chain too short: Measured distances are overestimated.
Correction to Measured Length
- Formula: Corrected Distance = Measured Distance x (True Chain length/ Incorrect Chain length)
Examples of Error Correction
- Example 1 (Chain too long): A 20-meter chain stretched to 20.1 meters is used to measure a 100-meter distance. The corrected distance is 99.5 meters.
- Example 2 (Chain too short): A 30-meter chain shrunk to 29.9 meters is used to measure a 150-meter distance. The corrected distance is 150.5 meters.
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Description
Test your knowledge on linear measurements in surveying with this quiz. Explore the various methods, instruments, and techniques used for direct measurements in surveying. Ideal for students studying Soil and Water Conservation Engineering.
