Artists, Artisans and Guilds

Artists and Artisans

• Artists' historical roots trace back to human civilization milestones
• Cave paintings' discovery highlights art's significance
• Early artists invented 3D to 2D conversion, valuing ideas
• Art history originated from this invention

Artisans and Guilds

• Museums contain artifacts and objects showcasing history
• Artifact aesthetic features are historically significant
• Technology enables artwork integrity and artist intention retention
• Guilds were formalized artisan groups in the Middle Ages (13th-15th centuries)
• Guilds members specialized in trades like shoemaking, glasswork, carpentry, and weaponry

Social Factors of Guilds

• Guilds ensured social fellowship with defined rules, customs, rights, and responsibilities
• Artisan culture became prevalent in the Philippines during the Spanish era
• Artisans learned through mimesis or copying, depicting religious images

Artists and Studios

• Artists signing paintings marked a milestone
• Resulted in artworks diverse in style & technique
• Artist's studio became a personal space
• Studios interest the public to see creativity
• Studio model dates back to the Renaissance, artists negotiated with patrons
• Workstations were segmented into studiolo and bottega
• Academies and art salons in France supported art production and discourse
• Industrial Revolution allowed side-by-side development of styles
• Artists began to question stringent training in the 1800s
• During the 1900s art was liberated, it allowed for diverse creative production

Art Production

• Artwork creation doesn't require a linear approach
• Process typically involves preproduction, production, and postproduction
• Preproduction begins with an artist's idea to communicate
• Production involves executing art forms like painting, sculpture, film, or music
• Postproduction includes artwork circulation, adjusting, promoting, and publishing

Medium and Techinque

• Medium conveys the concept through tangible forms like paintings/sculptures or transient forms like films/performances
• Technique shows the artist's medium familiarity
• Skill requires certain tools, time and site considerations

Art Engagement

• Exhibitions catalyze art and ideas, making them accessible
• Main goal of art exhibitions is relevance to diverse audiences
• Exhibitions strategically connect artists, institutions, and publics
• Platforms for engagement include exhibitions in museums/galleries
• Exhibitions can be long-term or temporary
• Engagement includes instruction, studio visits, lectures, art fairs, etc

Art Awards and Citations

• Artists can be nominated for awards & citations based on skills
• Major awards in the Philippines: Orden ng Pambansang Alagad ng Sining (Order of National Artists) and Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan (National Living Treasures Award)
• Order of National Artists is awarded for significant contributions to the development of Philippine arts
• National Artist is jointly administered by NCCA and CCP and conferred by the President
• Fernando Amorsolo was the first recipient, known as the "Grand Old Man of Philippine Art"
• National Artist awardees get rank, title, medallion, citation, cash awards, life pension, medical/hospitalization benefits, state funeral, and recognition at events
• Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan (National Living Treasures Award) created in 1992
• The award was first conferred in 1993 to three music/poetry artists: Ginaw Bilog, Masino Intaray, and Samaon Sulaiman
• GAMABA is for citizens in traditional Filipino art with excellence, passed on through generations
• GAMABA incentives include a gold medallion, monthly stipend (P14,000), medical/hospitalization benefits (P750,000), and funeral assistance

Prehistoric Art

• Stone Age involved using stone tools
• Cave paintings & sculptures act as "storytellers"
• Prehistoric art is situated within Paleolithic, Mesolithic, & Neolithic Stone Age periods.
• Archaeological finds reveal early civilizations' beliefs, practices, activities
• Ancient art motives may be unclear
• From nomads to settlers human activities changed
• Ancient artworks depict religious symbols, nature and daily life

Characteristics of Prehistoric Art

• Humans shifted from nomadic to settled lifestyles
• Early humans created paintings & sculptures of habitats
• Art, religion, and life were thought to link
• Paleolithic Art resulted from climate change
• Cave paintings developed during the Paleolithic Period
• Early humans used spray-painting techniques with ground pigments and reeds or bones
• Humans used foreshortening and contrasting lights
• Artworks are mainly ornamental
• Neolithic Art developed with more stable life by 4000 BCE
• Civilizations flourished in Egypt's Nile, India's Indus, Mesopotamia's Tigris/Euphrates, and China's Huang Ho river valleys

Egyptian Art

• Egyptian civilization had three periods: Old, Middle, and New Kingdom
• Egyptian art was religious and spiritual
• Old Kingdom was about the afterlife, thus tombs were erected.
• Pyramids in Giza served as tombs for pharaohs, made with limestone blocks
• Middle Kingdom had a shift in political hierarchy.
• Portrait sculptures and fresco paintings were freely drawn.
• Egypt was invaded by the Hyksos introducing Bronze Age weapons
• New Kingdom art referenced old kingdoms
• Monuments/sculptures linked with death and reverence
• Mortuary temples were carved out of rocks
• They served as sanctuaries for the dead and worship places for the living
• Under the rule of King Akhenaton & Queen Nefertiti a revolution occurred
• Art and religion changed
• He changed his name due to Aton, the sun god
• Sculptures had curving lines and full-bodied, natural forms
• Akhenaton's successors revived rigid styles.
• Images of Aton were destroyed, and monotheism subscribed

Ancient Greece

• The Greeks excelled in poetry, drama and philosophy
• They valued the use of reason
• The humanist ideals of the Greeks were reflected in their democratic form of government.
• The Greeks believed that nature should be perfect
• Greek art can be divided into four periods: Geometric, Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic.
• The geometric period spotlighted geometric shapes and patterns
• The archaic period placed importance on human figures from trading activities.
• The classical period was when Greek sculpture and architecture peaked
• The Hellenistic period showcased emotions and depicted reality
• Sculptures emphasized balance while showcasing dynamic poses.

Ancient Rome

• Romans established a republic in about 500 BCE
• They favored the Geeks and their achievements in the arts
• The fusion of Greek and Roman cultures can be seen in most Roman artworks
• Romans produced artworks with a stern, harsh, and strong aesthetic
• Principle of Realism was also evoked.
• Romans were master builders, and were known for grand monuments

Middle Ages

• Characterized by ignorance and darkness, after the decline of Rome and prior to the Renaissance
• The Church was the central authority
• Christian scriptures were produced by hand
• Great cathedrals were built, in two periods: Romanesque(inspired by the Roman Empire); and Gothic had a northern influence.

Renaissance

• Artists valued the individual
• Humanism influenced artworks
• Naturalism was present in the proportionality of human bodies.
• Artists added perspective of depth and dimension to paintings
• Non-religious themes and subjects were present
• Roman theatrical plays were revived

Mannerism

• This period came after the Renaissance
• Artists copied subjects from existing works of art.
• Artwork displays distorted figures, discordant hues and colors.

Baroque and Rococo

• Baroque is derived from the Portuguese term barocco irregular pearl
• Many artists developed styles and techniques, with colorful palettes and ornamentation.
• Expansion was a central theme
• Motion and space were taken into consideration
• Music became a tool to communicate messages

Neoclassicism

• Occurred in Europe during the late eighteenth century
• Influences came from Greek and Roman artworks.
• Artwork veered away from the extravagance of the baroque period.

Romanticism

• Highlighted heroic elements
• Emphasized the goodness of mankind by promoting justice, equality, and social order.
• Emphasized the emotions and feelings of man, which was a deviation from the humanist principles of rationalism.

Realism

• Focuses on the accuracy of details that depicts and somehow mirrors reality
• Focuses on observable traits that can concretize through artworks.
• Idealistic concepts and images were replaced by real manifestations of society.

There was a movement in this period to combine art and life

• Reexamined existing belief systems and traditions
• Impressionism movement led to the breaking of the tradition of European painting
• Incorporated scientific principles to achieve a more distinct representation of color.
• It allows the artist to emphasize the immediate impression he has of a particular event or scene
• This impression can be seen through brushstrokes, the distinction of colors, and the lights and shadows

Post-Impressionism Art

• France was a movement as a result of of the influence and rejection of Impressionism
• Artists saw the inherent limitations and flaws of Impressionism
• Individual style that gave emphasis to defining form with the use of broken colors and short brush strokes was developed.

Neo-Impressionism

• It is considered a response to the empirical realism of impressionism
• Painters rely on systematic and scientific techniques that have predetermined visual effects not only on the artwork itself but also on how the audience perceives the art
• Countries from Europe and the United States witnessed the emergence and flourishing of a new art style between 1890 and 1910.
• Broke from artistic historicism
• Uses organic lines that are manifested in architecture, jewelry, and glass design.
• Usually has asymmetrical lines

Fauvism

• This style of painting emerged in France
• Vibrant colors are produced on the canvas producing anexplosion of color.
• The artist painted directly from nature

Cubism

• Between 1907 and 1914 the French invented cubism.
• Cubists highlighted the two-dimensional surface of the picture plane.
• Rejected the notion that art should imitate nature

Futurism

• Early twentieth-century art in Italy highlighted energy and dynamism
• The theme was restlessness and the fast-paced of modern life

Abstract expressionism in modern and contemporary art.

• Basic tenets of abstraction with mark making, and a rugged spontaneity were combined
• Action painting styles showed physicality, direction, and spontaneity
• Color fields emphasized the power of colors

Optical Art

• Optical art centers on the creation of energy by using illusion to inform the experience of the artwork using color, pattern, and other perspective tricks that artists had on their sleeves

Kinetic Art

• Started the quest for movement in artwork
• Harnessed components of the wind even motor driven machines
• Brought art and technology together

Gutai Movement

• Platforms grounded on movement and a sense of dynamism were utilized to convey ideas attached to freedom, individuality, and openness
• Gutai means embodiment

Minimalism

• Favored geometric shapes, color fields, and materials that had this sparse quality

Pop Art

• Drew inspiration and materials from commercial culture
• Drew inspiration from ads, packaging, comic books, movies and movie posters, and pop music

Postmodernism

• Pertinent movement solidified the move to contemporary art
• Conceptual art, neo-expressionism and feminism art was touched on

Contemporary Art

• Words related to “present,” “today,” or “now".
• Modern vs contemporary refer to approaches to art making and the functions art served
• Heavily driven by ideas and theories and the blurring notions of art.
• Digital technology, performance/ objects and even the everyday are present

Neo-pop art

• Reuses material
• References pop culture
• Appropiated ideas of Dada

Photorealism

• Aims for attention to detail
• Precise precision, looking like a photo

Conceptualism

• Art is a commodity
• The concept is the most important aspect

Performance art

• Movement began in the 1960’s rather than entertaining.The main idea is the message
• May be planned or spontaneous
• It how a specific context is made.

Installation art

• Immerse viewer to have space be transformed
• May be site specific, nature will be used directly from the ground or vegetation

Stret art

• Related to Graffiti art
• Artworks express techniques of media

Chinese Art

• Metalworks and Jade are abundant
• The public follow Confucianism, sympathizing with others
• Most paintings were about magical places

Chinese Art

• Dominant Belief was that higher spirits moves the artist and his work
• They used sharp brushstrokes
• Porcelain with vases with nature theme

Japanese Art

• It was influenced by Korean and Chinese, like ceramic figures
• The religion of japan is shintoism
• Due to trading of culture Buddhism was made an expression to the Japanese

Philippine Art

• Before colonizers they used art for rituals
• Pottery being a prominrnt art that include pottery
• Cordillera did Weaving
• TheSpaniards expressed their work through religion
• To advertise markets, in America