Podcast
Questions and Answers
Where is the lam (ل) pronounced from?
Where is the lam (ل) pronounced from?
- The tip of the tongue against the roof of the mouth
- The gums of the teeth from one canine to another (correct)
- The nasal cavity
- The back of the throat
What is the correct region of pronunciation for nun (ن)?
What is the correct region of pronunciation for nun (ن)?
- The tip of the tongue touching the dental ridge
- The back of the throat
- The middle of the tongue
- The gums of the teeth from one canine to another (correct)
What does 'ghuna' refer to in pronunciation?
What does 'ghuna' refer to in pronunciation?
- A form of vocalization from the throat
- A sound articulated with the lips
- A sound made with the tongue tip against the roof of the mouth
- A nasal sound produced from the nasal cavity (correct)
How should the tongue be positioned when pronouncing lam (ل)?
How should the tongue be positioned when pronouncing lam (ل)?
What does the term 'back part of the tongue' refer to?
What does the term 'back part of the tongue' refer to?
In which area of the mouth is the nun (ن) primarily articulated?
In which area of the mouth is the nun (ن) primarily articulated?
How is the center part of the tongue involved in pronunciation?
How is the center part of the tongue involved in pronunciation?
Which statement is correct about the differences in tongue positioning?
Which statement is correct about the differences in tongue positioning?
What is important to note about the back part of the tongue?
What is important to note about the back part of the tongue?
Where does the tongue typically touch when pronouncing the letter nun (ن)?
Where does the tongue typically touch when pronouncing the letter nun (ن)?
In the makhraj of which letter does the tongue also touch the gums of the upper central incisors?
In the makhraj of which letter does the tongue also touch the gums of the upper central incisors?
What position does the tip of the tongue assume during the makhraj of the letter nun (ن)?
What position does the tip of the tongue assume during the makhraj of the letter nun (ن)?
Why is it important to position the tongue correctly when articulating the letters nun (ن) and ra' (ر)?
Why is it important to position the tongue correctly when articulating the letters nun (ن) and ra' (ر)?
What is the primary scholarly opinion regarding the tongue’s placement for the letters nun (ن) and ra' (ر)?
What is the primary scholarly opinion regarding the tongue’s placement for the letters nun (ن) and ra' (ر)?
Which letters are pronounced from the tip of the tongue touching the edge of the upper central incisors?
Which letters are pronounced from the tip of the tongue touching the edge of the upper central incisors?
What is the correct pronunciation location for the letters thā (ظ), dhal (ذ), and tha (ث)?
What is the correct pronunciation location for the letters thā (ظ), dhal (ذ), and tha (ث)?
Which of the following letters is NOT pronounced with the tip of the tongue touching the edge of the upper central incisors?
Which of the following letters is NOT pronounced with the tip of the tongue touching the edge of the upper central incisors?
Which group of letters includes the 'dal' (د)?
Which group of letters includes the 'dal' (د)?
Which of the following letters shares a pronunciation location with dal (د)?
Which of the following letters shares a pronunciation location with dal (د)?
How many makhārij (articulation points) are identified by Khalil Ibn Ahmad al-Farāhīdī?
How many makhārij (articulation points) are identified by Khalil Ibn Ahmad al-Farāhīdī?
Which of the following is true about the three lengthened letters (madd letters)?
Which of the following is true about the three lengthened letters (madd letters)?
Which of the following areas is NOT considered a makhārij according to Khalil Ibn Ahmad al-Farāhīdī?
Which of the following areas is NOT considered a makhārij according to Khalil Ibn Ahmad al-Farāhīdī?
What significance do the makhārij have in Arabic phonetics?
What significance do the makhārij have in Arabic phonetics?
What role did Khalil Ibn Ahmad al-Farāhīdī play in the study of Arabic?
What role did Khalil Ibn Ahmad al-Farāhīdī play in the study of Arabic?
What position is the tongue in when pronouncing the letters sad (ص), sin (س), and zay (ز)?
What position is the tongue in when pronouncing the letters sad (ص), sin (س), and zay (ز)?
Which of the following letters is NOT pronounced from the area between the tip of the tongue and the central incisors?
Which of the following letters is NOT pronounced from the area between the tip of the tongue and the central incisors?
What characteristic of the tongue's position is important for articulating sad (ص), sin (س), and zay (ز)?
What characteristic of the tongue's position is important for articulating sad (ص), sin (س), and zay (ز)?
Which of these letters are articulated correctly from the described position?
Which of these letters are articulated correctly from the described position?
Why is there a gap between the tongue and the teeth when pronouncing sad (ص), sin (س), and zay (ز)?
Why is there a gap between the tongue and the teeth when pronouncing sad (ص), sin (س), and zay (ز)?
Flashcards
Makhārij
Makhārij
The position in the mouth or throat where a sound is produced.
Madd Letters
Madd Letters
The three lengthened letters in Arabic: Alif (أ), Waw (و), Ya (ي).
Empty Space
Empty Space
The empty space in the mouth and throat, one of 17 makhārij.
Khalil Ibn Ahmad al-Farāhīdī
Khalil Ibn Ahmad al-Farāhīdī
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Empty Space as a Makhārij
Empty Space as a Makhārij
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Back part of the tongue
Back part of the tongue
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Centre part of the tongue
Centre part of the tongue
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Lam (ل) Makhārij
Lam (ل) Makhārij
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Nun (ن) Makhārij
Nun (ن) Makhārij
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Ghuna Makhārij
Ghuna Makhārij
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Nun (ن) and Ra'(ر) Makhārij
Nun (ن) and Ra'(ر) Makhārij
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Tip of the Tongue
Tip of the Tongue
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Gum Line
Gum Line
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Upper Central Incisors
Upper Central Incisors
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Tip of Tongue against Upper Incisors
Tip of Tongue against Upper Incisors
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Tip of Tongue against Upper Incisors (2)
Tip of Tongue against Upper Incisors (2)
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Sad, Sin, and Zay Makhārij
Sad, Sin, and Zay Makhārij
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Area of Pronunciation for Sad, Sin, and Zay
Area of Pronunciation for Sad, Sin, and Zay
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Tongue Position for Sad, Sin, and Zay
Tongue Position for Sad, Sin, and Zay
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Central Incisors
Central Incisors
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Articulation Point for Sad, Sin, and Zay
Articulation Point for Sad, Sin, and Zay
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Study Notes
Articulation Points (Makhaarij)
- There are 17 articulation points (Makhaarij) according to Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi.
- The empty space in the mouth and throat; long vowels (madd letters) are pronounced here (waw sakinah preceded by dammah, ya sakinah preceded by kasrah, and alif). Note: alif never takes a harakah (vowel sign) and is always preceded by a fathah.
- The lower throat; the hamzah (ء) and ha (ھ) are pronounced from here. This part is closest to the chest.
- The middle throat; the ayn (ع) and ha (ح) are pronounced from here.
- The upper throat; the ghayn (غ) and kha (خ) are pronounced from here. This part is closest to the mouth.
Tongue Articulation Areas
- Extreme back of tongue: touching the soft palate (qaf ق is pronounced here)
- Back of tongue: (not as far back as above) touching the hard palate (kaf ك is pronounced here). Note: back part of tongue is furthest from the mouth.
- Centre of tongue: touching the palate above it (jim ج, shin ش and unlengthened ya are pronounced here).
- Side of tongue: touching upper molars (right or left). Dad (ض) is pronounced from here. The left side is the easiest, followed by the right side.
- Anterior sides/tip of tongue: touching gums from one pre-molar to another (lam ل is pronounced here).
Teeth and Articulation
- Sides/edges of tongue: touching upper molars (dad ض is pronounced).
- Anterior tongue sides/tip: touching gums extending from a pre-molar to another (lam ل is pronounced).
- Tip of tongue: touching gums extending from one canine to another (nun ن is pronounced here; Ghuna from nasal cavity).
- Tip of tongue: touching upper central and lateral incisors (ra ر is pronounced) Note: Most scholars believe the upper central incisors are where the articulation for nun and ra is made.
- Tip of tongue: touching upper central incisors at gum line (ta ط, dal د and ta ط are pronounced here).
- Tip of tongue: touching edge of upper central incisors (tha ث, dhal ذ, and thorn ط are pronounced here).
- Between tongue tip and central incisors: (sad ص, sin س, and zay ز are pronounced here). Note: a slight gap between tongue and teeth when articulating these sounds.
- Inside of bottom lip: touching upper central incisors (fa ف is pronounced from here).
Lips and Nasal Cavity
- Meeting of the lips: (waw غیر مدیة, ba ب, and mim م are pronounced here.) Note: The waw غیر مدیة can be either mutaharikah or lin.
- Nasal cavity: (khayşūm خیشوم or nasal cavity). Ghunnah (nasal sound) comes from here. Note: Ghunna is a permanent quality of the sound.)
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