Article 15: Non-Discrimination Overview
42 Questions
1 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What does the second provision of Article 15 prohibit?

  • Discrimination based on political views
  • Discrimination based on religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth (correct)
  • Discrimination based on economic status
  • Discrimination only by the State

    • Which of the following is an exception to the non-discrimination rule in Article 15?

  • Special provisions for socially and educationally backward classes (correct)
  • Special provisions for all citizens
  • Reservations for wealthy citizens
  • Restrictions based on nationality

    • What special provision can the state make for women and children?

  • Reservation of seats in local bodies (correct)
  • Extended voting rights
  • Free public transportation
  • Prohibition from public places

    • How much of a reservation can the state provide for economically weaker sections in educational institutions?

    <p>10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT included in the special provisions stated in Article 15?

    <p>Provisions for international students</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who can make the special provisions for the advancement of scheduled tribes?

    <p>The state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following provisions was added by the 93rd Amendment Act of 2005?

    <p>Provisions for the advancement of economically weaker sections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What measures are allowed for the admission of educational institutions for backward classes?

    <p>Reservation of seats in education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Article 32 primarily guarantee?

    <p>The right to move the Supreme Court for enforcement of Fundamental Rights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following writs can the Supreme Court issue under Article 32?

    <p>Habeas corpus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, what happens to the right to move the Supreme Court during a national emergency?

    <p>The President can suspend it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the Supreme Court play in regard to fundamental rights?

    <p>It serves as the defender and guarantor of fundamental rights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true concerning Article 32?

    <p>It is considered a basic feature of the Constitution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of appointments or posts can be reserved for economically weaker sections of citizens?

    <p>10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main purpose of the Second Backward Classes Commission appointed in 1979?

    <p>Study conditions of backward classes and suggest measures for their advancement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many castes were identified as socially and educationally backward classes by the Mandal Commission?

    <p>3,743</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What recommendation did the Mandal Commission make regarding government jobs for OBCs?

    <p>27% reservation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant decision did the Narasimha Rao Government make in 1991 regarding OBCs?

    <p>Introduced 10% reservation for higher caste poor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of reservation was provided to candidates belonging to the Other Backward Classes (OBCs) by the Central Educational Institutions (Reservation in Admission) Act, 2006?

    <p>27%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the famous Mandal case in 1992 regarding reservations?

    <p>27% reservation for OBCs was upheld with conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is excluded from the list of beneficiaries of the OBC reservation?

    <p>Creamy layer among OBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is excluded from the benefits of the OBC quota as per the Supreme Court's directive?

    <p>Persons holding constitutional posts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the creamy layer ceiling for OBCs when it was first introduced in 1993?

    <p>₹1 lakh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about reservations according to the Mandal case?

    <p>Reservation should be limited to initial appointments only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a criterion for the 'creamy layer' among OBCs?

    <p>Individuals with agricultural land below a certain limit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In addition to OBCs, which other categories are included in the total reservation amounting to 50%?

    <p>Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of reservation was introduced for Economically Weaker Sections (EWSs) in 2019?

    <p>10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the eligibility criteria for EWSs require regarding existing reservations?

    <p>Must not be covered under any existing reservations for SCs, STs, or OBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which year saw an increase of the creamy layer ceiling from ₹4.5 lakh to ₹6 lakh?

    <p>2013</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Professionals like doctors and engineers fall under which category regarding the OBC quota?

    <p>Excluded from the OBC quota benefits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many categories of people are specified to belong to the 'creamy layer' among OBCs?

    <p>7 categories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of officers is included in the creamy layer definition?

    <p>Group A / Class I Officers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Article 17 primarily address?

    <p>Social disabilities imposed by caste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a provision under Article 18?

    <p>Allowing citizens to accept titles from foreign states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of awards were upheld as constitutional by the Supreme Court in 1996?

    <p>National awards like Bharat Ratna</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must happen for a foreigner holding an office of profit under the state to accept a title from a foreign state?

    <p>They need approval from the president</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are hereditary titles of nobility like Maharaja banned under Article 18?

    <p>They conflict with principles of equality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Article 19 guarantee to all citizens?

    <p>Freedom of speech and expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was NOT a National Award instituted in 1954?

    <p>Maharaja Award</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action did the Janata Party government take regarding National Awards in 1977?

    <p>Discontinued the awards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following rights is included in the six rights guaranteed by Article 19?

    <p>Right to freedom of assembly without arms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the Supreme Court's ruling regarding the use of National Awards as suffixes or prefixes?

    <p>They should not be used</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Article 15: Non-discrimination

    • Prohibits discrimination by both the state and individuals based on religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth.
    • Applies to access to public services like shops, restaurants, hotels, wells, tanks, bathing ghats, roads, and places of public resort.

    Exceptions to Non-discrimination

    • Special provisions for women and children: Includes reservation of seats for women in local bodies and free education for children.
    • Special provisions for socially and educationally backward classes (SEBCs), Scheduled Castes (SCs), and Scheduled Tribes (STs): Includes reservation of seats and fee concessions in educational institutions.
    • Advancement of SEBCs, SCs, and STs in educational institutions: Includes reservation of seats in private and aided educational institutions, except minority institutions.
    • Advancement of economically weaker sections (EWSs): Up to 10% reservation in educational and employment opportunities, including private institutions, except minorities.

    Reservation for Other Backward Classes (OBCs)

    • Introduced by the 93rd Amendment Act of 2005.
    • Implemented through the Central Educational Institutions (Reservation in Admission) Act, 2006.
    • Provides 27% reservation for OBCs in all central higher educational institutions, including IITs and IIMs.
    • Supreme Court upheld the validity of the amendment and the quota act in 2008.
    • Exclude the ‘creamy layer’ (advanced sections) from OBC reservation.

    Creamy Layer Exclusion Criteria

    • Persons holding constitutional posts like President, Vice-President, and Judges.
    • Group A/Class I and Group B/Class II officers of the All India, Central, and State Services.
    • Employees holding equivalent posts in PSUs, Banks, Insurance Organizations, Universities, etc.
    • Professionals like doctors, lawyers, engineers, artists, authors, and consultants.
    • Persons engaged in trade, business, and industry.
    • People holding agricultural land above a certain limit and vacant land or buildings in urban areas.
    • Persons having a gross annual income of more than ₹8 lakh or possessing wealth above the exemption limit.

    Reservation for Economically Weaker Sections (EWSs)

    • Introduced by the 103rd Amendment Act of 2019.
    • Provides 10% reservation for EWSs in admission to educational institutions.
    • Applies to those not covered under existing reservation schemes for SCs, STs, and OBCs.
    • Eligibility criteria based on family income and other indicators of economic disadvantage.

    Mandal Commission and its Aftermath

    • Appointed in 1979 to investigate the conditions of SEBCs.
    • Identified 3743 castes as SEBCs, constituting 52% of the population.
    • Recommended 27% reservation for OBCs in government jobs.
    • Implemented in 1990 by the V.P.Singh Government.
    • In 1991, the Narasimha Rao Government introduced economic criteria in granting reservation for OBCs.

    The Mandal Case (1992)

    • Supreme Court upheld the validity of the 27% OBC reservation with conditions.
    • Excluded the ‘creamy layer’ from OBC reservation.
    • Restricted reservation to initial appointments, not promotions.

    Article 17: Abolition of Untouchability

    • Prohibits untouchability and any discrimination based on caste.
    • Applies to both state and private individuals.

    Article 18: Abolition of Titles

    • Prohibits the state from conferring titles, except military or academic distinctions.
    • Prohibits citizens from accepting titles from foreign states.
    • Foreigners holding office of profit or trust cannot accept titles without presidential consent.
    • Citizens or foreigners holding office of profit or trust cannot accept presents, emoluments, or offices from foreign states without presidential consent.
    • National awards like Bharat Ratna, Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan, and Padma Sri are not considered titles under Article 18.

    Article 19: Right to Freedom

    • Guarantees six fundamental rights to all citizens.
    • Right to freedom of speech and expression.
    • Right to assemble peaceably and without arms.
    • Right to form associations.
    • Right to move freely throughout India.
    • Right to reside and settle in any part of India.
    • Right to practice any profession, occupation, trade, or business.

    Article 32: Right to Constitutional Remedies

    • Ensures enforcement of fundamental rights.
    • Right to move the Supreme Court for the enforcement of fundamental rights.
    • Supreme Court can issue directions, orders, or writs for enforcement of fundamental rights.
    • Parliament can empower other courts to issue directions, orders, and writs.
    • The right to move the Supreme Court cannot be suspended except during a national emergency.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Fundamental Rights PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores Article 15, which prohibits discrimination based on religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth. It also covers exceptions and special provisions for women, children, and various backward classes in educational settings. Test your knowledge on key aspects and implications of this important legal article.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser