Arteriosclerosis vs Atherosclerosis
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Questions and Answers

What is the main cause of ischemic necrosis in cells?

  • Deficient blood flow to the cells (correct)
  • Overexposure to oxygen
  • Excessive blood flow to the cells
  • A surplus of nutrients

    • Where are atherosclerotic lesions predominantly found?

  • In the abdominal aorta and coronary arteries (correct)
  • In the brain and spinal cord
  • In the lungs and kidneys
  • In the liver and spleen

    • What is the main effect of nicotine in tobacco on blood flow?

  • Increases blood flow to the extremities
  • Decreases blood flow to the extremities (correct)
  • Has no effect on blood flow
  • Causes irregular blood flow

    • How does carbon monoxide affect the tissues in the body?

    <p>It deprives the tissues of oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of diabetes on peripheral artery disease (PAD)?

    <p>It increases the overall risk of PAD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sensitive marker of cardiovascular inflammation?

    <p>C-reactive protein (CRP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to fatty streaks over time?

    <p>They develop into fibrous plaques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main components of fibrous plaques?

    <p>Collagen fibers, plasma components, and lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is collateral circulation?

    <p>The rerouting of blood flow around an obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of cessation of nicotine product use on atherosclerosis risk?

    <p>Significant decrease in atherosclerosis risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has hyperhomocysteinemia been positively correlated with in some studies?

    <p>Peripheral, cerebrovascular, and coronary artery disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does homocysteine promote coagulation?

    <p>By increasing factor V and factor XI activity while depressing protein C activation and increasing the binding of lipoprotein(a) in fibrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been reported to reduce serum homocysteine levels?

    <p>Folic acid and vitamin B12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of using B complex vitamins to reduce cardiovascular disease in patients with PAD?

    <p>It is not recommended</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does homocysteine have on thrombin formation?

    <p>Increases thrombin formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does homocysteine do to the binding of lipoprotein(a) in fibrin?

    <p>Increases the binding of lipoprotein(a) in fibrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has folic acid and vitamin B12 been reported to reduce?

    <p>Serum homocysteine levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of reducing serum homocysteine levels using folic acid and vitamin B12 on adverse cardiovascular events?

    <p>It has no impact on adverse cardiovascular events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact do B complex vitamins have on reducing cardiovascular disease in patients with PAD?

    <p>Not recommended</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does homocysteine have on protein C activation?

    <p>Depresses protein C activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common disease of the arteries?

    <p>Arteriosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process affects the intima of large and medium-sized arteries?

    <p>Atherosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the accumulations on the intimal layer of the artery referred to as?

    <p>Atheromas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the most common direct results of atherosclerosis in arteries?

    <p>Stenosis (narrowing) of the lumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the indirect results of atherosclerosis in arteries?

    <p>Malnutrition and fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is described as a diffuse process whereby the muscle fibers and the endothelial lining of the walls of small arteries and arterioles become thickened?

    <p>Arteriosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease involves the accumulation of lipids, calcium, blood components, carbohydrates, and fibrous tissue on the intimal layer of the artery?

    <p>Atherosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a generalized disease of the arteries, usually present elsewhere in the body when it is present in the extremities?

    <p>Atherosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process involves malnutrition and subsequent fibrosis of organs that sclerotic arteries supply with blood?

    <p>Atheroscleorsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What accumulations are referred to as plaques?

    <p>Plaques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis?

    <p>Atherosclerosis affects the intima of large and medium-sized arteries, while arteriosclerosis affects the walls of small arteries and arterioles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main accumulations on the intimal layer of the artery referred to as?

    <p>Atheromas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is a generalized disease of the arteries, usually present elsewhere in the body when it is present in the extremities?

    <p>Atherosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the most common direct results of atherosclerosis in arteries?

    <p>Obstruction by thrombosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of reducing serum homocysteine levels using folic acid and vitamin B12 on adverse cardiovascular events?

    <p>It reduces adverse cardiovascular events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has hyperhomocysteinemia been positively correlated with in some studies?

    <p>Increased risk of cardiovascular disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is collateral circulation?

    <p>The formation of new blood vessels in response to blocked arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process involves malnutrition and subsequent fibrosis of organs that sclerotic arteries supply with blood?

    <p>Arteriosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of ischemic necrosis in cells?

    <p>Obstruction by thrombosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact do B complex vitamins have on reducing cardiovascular disease in patients with PAD?

    <p>They reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of ischemic necrosis in cells?

    <p>Decreased oxygen levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are atherosclerotic lesions predominantly found?

    <p>Coronary, popliteal, and internal carotid arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process involves malnutrition and subsequent fibrosis of organs that sclerotic arteries supply with blood?

    <p>Diffuse process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of cessation of nicotine product use on atherosclerosis risk?

    <p>Decreases the risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sensitive marker of cardiovascular inflammation?

    <p>C-reactive protein (CRP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does homocysteine do to the binding of lipoprotein(a) in fibrin?

    <p>Increases its binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been reported to reduce serum homocysteine levels?

    <p>Folic acid and vitamin B12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main components of fibrous plaques?

    <p>Smooth muscle cells, collagen fibers, plasma components, and lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is collateral circulation?

    <p>Rerouting of blood flow around an obstruction in arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a generalized disease of the arteries, usually present elsewhere in the body when it is present in the extremities?

    <p>Atherosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does carbon monoxide have on the tissues in the body?

    <p>Deprives the tissues of oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of using B complex vitamins to reduce cardiovascular disease in patients with PAD?

    <p>It has no impact on reducing cardiovascular disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact do B complex vitamins have on reducing cardiovascular disease in patients with PAD?

    <p>They have no impact on reducing cardiovascular disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has folic acid and vitamin B12 been reported to reduce?

    <p>Serum homocysteine levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to fatty streaks over time?

    <p>They develop into fibrous plaques or atheromas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the indirect results of atherosclerosis in arteries?

    <p>Reduced blood flow and ischemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of cessation of nicotine product use on atherosclerosis risk?

    <p>It leads to a gradual reduction in atherosclerosis risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does homocysteine do to the binding of lipoprotein(a) in fibrin?

    <p>It increases the binding of lipoprotein(a) in fibrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of ischemic necrosis in cells?

    <p>Reduced blood flow and ischemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is collateral circulation?

    <p>The development of new blood vessels to bypass blocked arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the accumulations on the intimal layer of the artery referred to as?

    <p>Fibrous plaques or atheromas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has hyperhomocysteinemia been positively correlated with in some studies?

    <p>Increased risk of peripheral, cerebrovascular, and coronary artery disease as well as venous thromboembolism (VTE)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of nicotine in tobacco on blood flow?

    <p>Constriction of blood vessels leading to reduced blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process affects the intima of large and medium-sized arteries?

    <p>Atherosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cardiovascular Disease

    • The main cause of ischemic necrosis in cells is inadequate blood supply.

    Atherosclerosis

    • Atherosclerotic lesions are predominantly found in the intimal layer of large and medium-sized arteries.
    • Fatty streaks develop into fibrous plaques over time.
    • Fibrous plaques consist of lipids, calcium, blood components, carbohydrates, and fibrous tissue.
    • Atherosclerosis can lead to ischemic necrosis, heart attack, and stroke.

    Nicotine and Blood Flow

    • Nicotine in tobacco reduces blood flow.

    Carbon Monoxide

    • Carbon monoxide reduces oxygen delivery to tissues in the body.

    Diabetes and PAD

    • Diabetes increases the risk of peripheral artery disease (PAD).

    Inflammation

    • C-reactive protein is a sensitive marker of cardiovascular inflammation.

    Homocysteine

    • Hyperhomocysteinemia has been positively correlated with cardiovascular disease in some studies.
    • Homocysteine promotes coagulation by promoting thrombin formation.
    • Homocysteine inhibits protein C activation.
    • Homocysteine alters the binding of lipoprotein(a) in fibrin.
    • Folic acid and vitamin B12 reduce serum homocysteine levels.
    • Reducing serum homocysteine levels using folic acid and vitamin B12 reduces adverse cardiovascular events.

    Arterial Disease

    • Arteriosclerosis is a diffuse process affecting the intima of large and medium-sized arteries.
    • Atherosclerosis involves the accumulation of lipids, calcium, blood components, carbohydrates, and fibrous tissue on the intimal layer of the artery.
    • Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a generalized disease of the arteries, usually present elsewhere in the body when it is present in the extremities.
    • Ischemic malnutrition and subsequent fibrosis of organs supplied by sclerotic arteries is a consequence of atherosclerosis.

    Circulation

    • Collateral circulation is the development of new blood vessels to compensate for blocked arteries.

    Miscellaneous

    • The main components of fibrous plaques are lipids, calcium, blood components, carbohydrates, and fibrous tissue.
    • The accumulations on the intimal layer of the artery are referred to as plaques.
    • The key difference between arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis is the accumulation of substances on the intimal layer in atherosclerosis.

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