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Questions and Answers
What is the main cause of ischemic necrosis in cells?
What is the main cause of ischemic necrosis in cells?
- Deficient blood flow to the cells (correct)
- Overexposure to oxygen
- Excessive blood flow to the cells
- A surplus of nutrients
Where are atherosclerotic lesions predominantly found?
Where are atherosclerotic lesions predominantly found?
- In the abdominal aorta and coronary arteries (correct)
- In the brain and spinal cord
- In the lungs and kidneys
- In the liver and spleen
What is the main effect of nicotine in tobacco on blood flow?
What is the main effect of nicotine in tobacco on blood flow?
- Increases blood flow to the extremities
- Decreases blood flow to the extremities (correct)
- Has no effect on blood flow
- Causes irregular blood flow
How does carbon monoxide affect the tissues in the body?
How does carbon monoxide affect the tissues in the body?
What is the impact of diabetes on peripheral artery disease (PAD)?
What is the impact of diabetes on peripheral artery disease (PAD)?
What is a sensitive marker of cardiovascular inflammation?
What is a sensitive marker of cardiovascular inflammation?
What happens to fatty streaks over time?
What happens to fatty streaks over time?
What are the main components of fibrous plaques?
What are the main components of fibrous plaques?
What is collateral circulation?
What is collateral circulation?
What is the effect of cessation of nicotine product use on atherosclerosis risk?
What is the effect of cessation of nicotine product use on atherosclerosis risk?
What has hyperhomocysteinemia been positively correlated with in some studies?
What has hyperhomocysteinemia been positively correlated with in some studies?
How does homocysteine promote coagulation?
How does homocysteine promote coagulation?
What has been reported to reduce serum homocysteine levels?
What has been reported to reduce serum homocysteine levels?
What is the impact of using B complex vitamins to reduce cardiovascular disease in patients with PAD?
What is the impact of using B complex vitamins to reduce cardiovascular disease in patients with PAD?
What effect does homocysteine have on thrombin formation?
What effect does homocysteine have on thrombin formation?
What does homocysteine do to the binding of lipoprotein(a) in fibrin?
What does homocysteine do to the binding of lipoprotein(a) in fibrin?
What has folic acid and vitamin B12 been reported to reduce?
What has folic acid and vitamin B12 been reported to reduce?
What is the impact of reducing serum homocysteine levels using folic acid and vitamin B12 on adverse cardiovascular events?
What is the impact of reducing serum homocysteine levels using folic acid and vitamin B12 on adverse cardiovascular events?
What impact do B complex vitamins have on reducing cardiovascular disease in patients with PAD?
What impact do B complex vitamins have on reducing cardiovascular disease in patients with PAD?
What effect does homocysteine have on protein C activation?
What effect does homocysteine have on protein C activation?
What is the most common disease of the arteries?
What is the most common disease of the arteries?
Which process affects the intima of large and medium-sized arteries?
Which process affects the intima of large and medium-sized arteries?
What are the accumulations on the intimal layer of the artery referred to as?
What are the accumulations on the intimal layer of the artery referred to as?
What are the most common direct results of atherosclerosis in arteries?
What are the most common direct results of atherosclerosis in arteries?
What are the indirect results of atherosclerosis in arteries?
What are the indirect results of atherosclerosis in arteries?
Which disease is described as a diffuse process whereby the muscle fibers and the endothelial lining of the walls of small arteries and arterioles become thickened?
Which disease is described as a diffuse process whereby the muscle fibers and the endothelial lining of the walls of small arteries and arterioles become thickened?
Which disease involves the accumulation of lipids, calcium, blood components, carbohydrates, and fibrous tissue on the intimal layer of the artery?
Which disease involves the accumulation of lipids, calcium, blood components, carbohydrates, and fibrous tissue on the intimal layer of the artery?
What is a generalized disease of the arteries, usually present elsewhere in the body when it is present in the extremities?
What is a generalized disease of the arteries, usually present elsewhere in the body when it is present in the extremities?
What process involves malnutrition and subsequent fibrosis of organs that sclerotic arteries supply with blood?
What process involves malnutrition and subsequent fibrosis of organs that sclerotic arteries supply with blood?
What accumulations are referred to as plaques?
What accumulations are referred to as plaques?
What is the key difference between arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis?
What is the key difference between arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis?
What are the main accumulations on the intimal layer of the artery referred to as?
What are the main accumulations on the intimal layer of the artery referred to as?
Which disease is a generalized disease of the arteries, usually present elsewhere in the body when it is present in the extremities?
Which disease is a generalized disease of the arteries, usually present elsewhere in the body when it is present in the extremities?
What are the most common direct results of atherosclerosis in arteries?
What are the most common direct results of atherosclerosis in arteries?
What is the impact of reducing serum homocysteine levels using folic acid and vitamin B12 on adverse cardiovascular events?
What is the impact of reducing serum homocysteine levels using folic acid and vitamin B12 on adverse cardiovascular events?
What has hyperhomocysteinemia been positively correlated with in some studies?
What has hyperhomocysteinemia been positively correlated with in some studies?
What is collateral circulation?
What is collateral circulation?
What process involves malnutrition and subsequent fibrosis of organs that sclerotic arteries supply with blood?
What process involves malnutrition and subsequent fibrosis of organs that sclerotic arteries supply with blood?
What is the main cause of ischemic necrosis in cells?
What is the main cause of ischemic necrosis in cells?
What impact do B complex vitamins have on reducing cardiovascular disease in patients with PAD?
What impact do B complex vitamins have on reducing cardiovascular disease in patients with PAD?
What is the main cause of ischemic necrosis in cells?
What is the main cause of ischemic necrosis in cells?
Where are atherosclerotic lesions predominantly found?
Where are atherosclerotic lesions predominantly found?
What process involves malnutrition and subsequent fibrosis of organs that sclerotic arteries supply with blood?
What process involves malnutrition and subsequent fibrosis of organs that sclerotic arteries supply with blood?
What is the impact of cessation of nicotine product use on atherosclerosis risk?
What is the impact of cessation of nicotine product use on atherosclerosis risk?
What is a sensitive marker of cardiovascular inflammation?
What is a sensitive marker of cardiovascular inflammation?
What does homocysteine do to the binding of lipoprotein(a) in fibrin?
What does homocysteine do to the binding of lipoprotein(a) in fibrin?
What has been reported to reduce serum homocysteine levels?
What has been reported to reduce serum homocysteine levels?
What are the main components of fibrous plaques?
What are the main components of fibrous plaques?
What is collateral circulation?
What is collateral circulation?
What is a generalized disease of the arteries, usually present elsewhere in the body when it is present in the extremities?
What is a generalized disease of the arteries, usually present elsewhere in the body when it is present in the extremities?
What effect does carbon monoxide have on the tissues in the body?
What effect does carbon monoxide have on the tissues in the body?
What is the impact of using B complex vitamins to reduce cardiovascular disease in patients with PAD?
What is the impact of using B complex vitamins to reduce cardiovascular disease in patients with PAD?
What impact do B complex vitamins have on reducing cardiovascular disease in patients with PAD?
What impact do B complex vitamins have on reducing cardiovascular disease in patients with PAD?
What has folic acid and vitamin B12 been reported to reduce?
What has folic acid and vitamin B12 been reported to reduce?
What happens to fatty streaks over time?
What happens to fatty streaks over time?
What are the indirect results of atherosclerosis in arteries?
What are the indirect results of atherosclerosis in arteries?
What is the effect of cessation of nicotine product use on atherosclerosis risk?
What is the effect of cessation of nicotine product use on atherosclerosis risk?
What does homocysteine do to the binding of lipoprotein(a) in fibrin?
What does homocysteine do to the binding of lipoprotein(a) in fibrin?
What is the main cause of ischemic necrosis in cells?
What is the main cause of ischemic necrosis in cells?
What is collateral circulation?
What is collateral circulation?
What are the accumulations on the intimal layer of the artery referred to as?
What are the accumulations on the intimal layer of the artery referred to as?
What has hyperhomocysteinemia been positively correlated with in some studies?
What has hyperhomocysteinemia been positively correlated with in some studies?
What is the main effect of nicotine in tobacco on blood flow?
What is the main effect of nicotine in tobacco on blood flow?
Which process affects the intima of large and medium-sized arteries?
Which process affects the intima of large and medium-sized arteries?
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Study Notes
Cardiovascular Disease
- The main cause of ischemic necrosis in cells is inadequate blood supply.
Atherosclerosis
- Atherosclerotic lesions are predominantly found in the intimal layer of large and medium-sized arteries.
- Fatty streaks develop into fibrous plaques over time.
- Fibrous plaques consist of lipids, calcium, blood components, carbohydrates, and fibrous tissue.
- Atherosclerosis can lead to ischemic necrosis, heart attack, and stroke.
Nicotine and Blood Flow
- Nicotine in tobacco reduces blood flow.
Carbon Monoxide
- Carbon monoxide reduces oxygen delivery to tissues in the body.
Diabetes and PAD
- Diabetes increases the risk of peripheral artery disease (PAD).
Inflammation
- C-reactive protein is a sensitive marker of cardiovascular inflammation.
Homocysteine
- Hyperhomocysteinemia has been positively correlated with cardiovascular disease in some studies.
- Homocysteine promotes coagulation by promoting thrombin formation.
- Homocysteine inhibits protein C activation.
- Homocysteine alters the binding of lipoprotein(a) in fibrin.
- Folic acid and vitamin B12 reduce serum homocysteine levels.
- Reducing serum homocysteine levels using folic acid and vitamin B12 reduces adverse cardiovascular events.
Arterial Disease
- Arteriosclerosis is a diffuse process affecting the intima of large and medium-sized arteries.
- Atherosclerosis involves the accumulation of lipids, calcium, blood components, carbohydrates, and fibrous tissue on the intimal layer of the artery.
- Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a generalized disease of the arteries, usually present elsewhere in the body when it is present in the extremities.
- Ischemic malnutrition and subsequent fibrosis of organs supplied by sclerotic arteries is a consequence of atherosclerosis.
Circulation
- Collateral circulation is the development of new blood vessels to compensate for blocked arteries.
Miscellaneous
- The main components of fibrous plaques are lipids, calcium, blood components, carbohydrates, and fibrous tissue.
- The accumulations on the intimal layer of the artery are referred to as plaques.
- The key difference between arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis is the accumulation of substances on the intimal layer in atherosclerosis.
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