120 Questions
Which medication class is used to inhibit platelet activation, adhesion, or proc?
Antiplatelets
What is the drug of choice for diagnosing CAD or angina?
NTG (a nitrate)
Which medication class dilates coronary arteries to increase oxygen to the myocardium and dilates peripheral arteries?
Vasodilators (nitrates)
What is the primary goal of treatment for CAD and angina?
Reducing myocardial oxygen demand
What may help slow disease progression in CAD and angina patients?
Stress reduction
Which medication class is NOT used for relieving angina?
Antiplatelets
What determines the course of treatment for CAD and angina patients?
The risk factors identified for the patient
Which test is commonly used for diagnosing CAD or angina?
(ECG) Exercise stress test
Which term refers to the condition characterized by the buildup of cholesterol and other substances in the walls of the arteries?
Arteriosclerosis
What is the term for the condition that causes chest pain or discomfort due to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle?
Angina pectoris
What term is used to describe a sudden blockage in a blood vessel by an embolus?
Embolism
Which term refers to the condition where fatty deposits within the walls of the arteries lead to narrowing and restricted blood flow?
Atherosclerosis
What term is used to describe a localized dilation or ballooning of an artery wall?
Aneurysm
What is the term for the surgical removal of plaque from the inner lining of an artery?
Endarterectomy
Which term is used to describe a condition of inflammation and infection in the lymphatic channels?
Lymphangitis
What term is used to describe a condition characterized by reduced blood flow to the extremities leading to muscle pain during physical activity?
Intermittent claudication
What is the most common cause of angina?
Coronary Artery Disease
How can angina pain be relieved?
With rest
Which type of angina may indicate an impending heart attack?
Unstable angina
What medication is commonly prescribed to prevent thrombus formation in CAD patients?
Low-dose aspirin
Which medication inhibits the absorption of cholesterol and increases the conversion of LDL to HDL?
Ezetimibe
What is the first-line drug to reduce LDL cholesterol by inhibiting cholesterol synthesis?
Statins
What should be added to the diet when taking bile acid sequestrants to prevent gastrointestinal effects?
Fruits and vegetables high in fiber
How can CAD lead to angina, MI, or sudden death?
Due to reduced blood flow to the heart
Which factor significantly increases the risk of developing coronary artery disease (CAD)?
Being a man
What dietary factor plays a significant role in preventing and managing cardiovascular diseases?
Reducing saturated fat intake
What is a common risk factor that can be controlled or changed to prevent arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis?
Elevated blood lipids
Which lifestyle choice is recommended by the American Heart Association (AHA) for preventing arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis?
Eating a heart-healthy diet
What does tobacco use do that increases the risk for atherosclerosis and CAD?
Causes vasoconstriction
What role does exercise play in managing atherosclerosis and CAD?
Raises HDL levels
What is coronary artery disease (CAD) typically caused by?
Obstruction of blood flow due to atherosclerosis
What is the significance of controlling blood cholesterol levels through diet?
It involves reducing saturated fat intake
What is the primary cause of death and disability in the United States?
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs)
Which disorder is characterized by the thickening, loss of elasticity, and calcification of arterial walls?
Arteriosclerosis
What is the disorder that involves the formation of plaque within the arterial wall, leading to coronary artery disease (CAD)?
Atherosclerosis
Which risk factor is commonly associated with atherosclerosis?
High total cholesterol levels
What is the primary therapeutic measure for atherosclerosis?
Low-fat, low-cholesterol diet
Which condition can begin in early childhood and progress without symptoms through adult life?
Arteriosclerosis
What do atherosclerotic arteries have that might lead to the formation of a blood clot or partial or total occlusion of the artery?
Fibrous cap
Which risk factor for atherosclerosis cannot be modified?
(Genetics)
Which of the following conditions involves the formation of plaque within the arterial wall, leading to coronary artery disease (CAD)?
Atherosclerosis
What medication class dilates coronary arteries to increase oxygen to the myocardium and dilates peripheral arteries?
Calcium Channel Blockers
Which term refers to the condition characterized by reduced blood flow to the extremities leading to muscle pain during physical activity?
Intermittent claudication
What is the term for the condition that causes chest pain or discomfort due to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle?
Angina pectoris
Which lifestyle choice is recommended by the American Heart Association (AHA) for preventing arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis?
Regular physical activity
What is the primary cause of disability and death in the United States?
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs)
What factor significantly increases the risk of developing coronary artery disease (CAD)?
Low-density lipoproteins (LDL)
What test is commonly used for diagnosing CAD or angina?
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Which risk factor is NOT commonly associated with atherosclerosis?
Low apolipoprotein B to apolipoprotein A ratio
What term refers to a sudden blockage in a blood vessel by an embolus?
Embolism
What is the primary therapeutic measure for atherosclerosis?
Low-fat, low-cholesterol diet
What is the significance of controlling blood cholesterol levels through diet?
It helps reduce the risk of atherosclerosis and heart disease
Which lifestyle choice is recommended by the American Heart Association (AHA) for preventing arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis?
Regular exercise
What may help slow disease progression in coronary artery disease (CAD) and angina patients?
Low-cholesterol diet
Which factor significantly increases the risk of developing coronary artery disease (CAD)?
$High$ total cholesterol levels
What is the term for the condition characterized by reduced blood flow to the extremities leading to muscle pain during physical activity?
$Intermittent$ claudication
Which condition is characterized by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle due to CAD?
Angina Pectoris
What is the term for chest pain caused by insufficient oxygen supply to the heart muscle due to CAD?
Stable Angina
Which medication class is commonly prescribed to prevent thrombus formation in CAD patients?
Low-dose Aspirin
What is the primary goal of treatment for CAD and angina?
Relieve Pain and Prevent Thrombus Formation
What medication is commonly used to reduce LDL cholesterol by inhibiting cholesterol synthesis?
Statins
What type of angina may be caused by coronary artery spasms and indicates an impending MI?
Prinzmetal's Angina
Which medication class inhibits the absorption of cholesterol and increases the conversion of LDL to HDL?
Ezetimibe
What lifestyle factor should be added to the diet when taking bile acid sequestrants to prevent gastrointestinal effects?
Fruits and Vegetables High in Fiber
Which factor significantly increases the risk of developing atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease (CAD)?
Consuming high levels of saturated fat
What dietary factor plays a significant role in preventing and managing cardiovascular diseases?
Eating a heart-healthy diet rich in fruits and vegetables
Which lifestyle choice is recommended by the American Heart Association (AHA) for preventing arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis?
Regular exercise
What role does exercise play in managing atherosclerosis and CAD?
Facilitates weight loss
What medication class may be used when dietary control is not effective in lowering lipid levels and managing atherosclerosis and CAD?
Lipid-lowering medications
Which group has an increased risk of developing atherosclerosis and CAD?
Postmenopausal women
What effect does cigarette smoking have on the risk of developing coronary artery disease (CAD)?
Increases the risk up to six times
What is the significance of controlling blood cholesterol levels through diet?
Lowers the risk of developing atherosclerosis and CAD
What is the primary goal of treatment for CAD and angina?
Relieving and preventing anginal episodes
What medication class is NOT used for relieving angina?
Antiplatelets
What determines the course of treatment for CAD and angina patients?
The risk factors identified for the patient
Which medication class dilates coronary arteries to increase oxygen to the myocardium and dilates peripheral arteries?
Vasodilators (nitrates)
What may help slow disease progression in CAD and angina patients?
Stress reduction
Which factor significantly increases the risk of developing coronary artery disease (CAD)?
Tobacco use
What is the drug of choice for diagnosing CAD or angina?
Nitrates (NTG)
What is the term for the condition where fatty deposits within the walls of the arteries lead to narrowing and restricted blood flow?
Atherosclerosis
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is primarily caused by the buildup of cholesterol and other substances in the walls of the arteries.
True
Angina pectoris is a localized dilation or ballooning of an artery wall.
False
Myocardial infarction is characterized by the thickening, loss of elasticity, and calcification of arterial walls.
False
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is commonly referred to as 'bad' cholesterol.
False
Thrombosis refers to a sudden blockage in a blood vessel by an embolus.
False
Venous stasis ulcers are commonly associated with peripheral arterial disease.
True
Atherosclerosis is a condition where fatty deposits within the walls of the arteries lead to narrowing and restricted blood flow.
True
Raynaud’s disease is characterized by coronary artery spasms and indicates an impending myocardial infarction.
False
Arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis can be managed solely through healthy lifestyle choices without the need for medications or medical exams.
False
Eating a heart-healthy diet is not recommended by the American Heart Association (AHA) for preventing and managing cardiovascular diseases.
False
Cigarette smoking does not significantly increase the risk of developing coronary artery disease (CAD).
False
African Americans do not have a higher incidence of atherosclerosis.
False
Tobacco use, including secondhand and thirdhand smoke, does not increase the risk for atherosclerosis and CAD.
False
Controlling blood cholesterol levels through diet does not involve reducing saturated fat intake.
False
Exercise does not raise HDL levels or lower insulin resistance.
False
Coronary artery disease is not typically caused by atherosclerosis.
False
Arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis can only begin in adulthood and progress without symptoms through adult life.
False
Smoking, lack of education, and older age are risk factors for heart disease.
True
Atherosclerosis is the formation of plaque within the arterial wall, which can cause coronary artery disease (CAD).
True
Over time, plaque buildup becomes calcified and hardened, causing turbulence that damages cells and increases the buildup within the vessel.
True
Diagnostic tests for atherosclerosis include measuring cholesterol levels, arteriograms, and testing for C-reactive protein.
True
Risk factors for atherosclerosis include high total cholesterol levels, high LDL cholesterol, high Lp(a) cholesterol, high apolipoprotein B to apolipoprotein A ratio, and inflammation indicated by elevated C-reactive protein levels.
True
Therapeutic measures for atherosclerosis include a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet, smoking cessation, and decreased exercise.
False
Etiology of atherosclerosis includes risk factors that can be modified (diet, lifestyle choices) and those that cannot (genetics).
True
Angina symptoms include chest pain, tightness, heaviness, and may radiate to arms, shoulders, neck, jaw, and back.
True
Angina can only be classified as stable, and there is no such thing as unstable angina.
False
Low-dose aspirin can be prescribed to prevent thrombus formation in CAD patients.
True
Vasodilators are not used to treat angina and relieve pain.
False
Women may experience atypical angina symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, nausea, or less severe chest pain.
True
Statins are first-line drugs to reduce LDLs by inhibiting cholesterol synthesis.
True
Fibrates reduce triglycerides and improve HDLs.
True
Niacin is a medication that prevents the conversion of fats into VLDLs.
False
Is NTG, a nitrate, the drug of choice for diagnosing CAD or angina?
False
Weight reduction following a heart healthy diet and stress reduction may help slow disease progression.
True
The three major groups of medication used for relieving angina are vasodilators (nitrates), calcium channel blockers, and beta blockers.
True
Nitrates dilate coronary arteries to increase oxygen to the myocardium and dilate peripheral arteries.
True
Arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis can be managed solely through healthy lifestyle choices without the need for medications or medical exams.
False
Exercise does not raise HDL levels or lower insulin resistance.
False
Tobacco use, including secondhand and thirdhand smoke, does not increase the risk for atherosclerosis and CAD.
False
Thrombosis refers to a sudden blockage in a blood vessel by an embolus.
True
Study Notes
-
CAD (Coronary Artery Disease) can lead to angina, MI (Myocardial Infarction), or sudden death due to reduced blood flow to the heart.
-
Risk factors for CAD include those that can be modified, which should be adjusted according to AHA guidelines.
-
Prevention: Low-dose aspirin can be prescribed to prevent thrombus formation.
-
Angina Pectoris: chest pain caused by insufficient oxygen supply to the heart muscle due to CAD.
-
With CAD, the coronary arteries cannot dilate to meet increased oxygen demand, causing myocardial ischemia.
-
Angina may also be caused by other conditions like vasospasm, heart failure, hypertension, etc.
-
Angina symptoms: chest pain, tightness, heaviness, squeezing, or crushing in the chest or adjacent areas. May radiate to arms, shoulders, neck, jaw, back.
-
Angina pain is often predictable, occurs with exertion, and subsides with rest. Can also be relieved with a vasodilator.
-
Angina can be classified as stable or unstable (Prinzmetal's Angina).
-
Stable angina: chest pain with predictable pattern, occurs with exertion, and subsides with rest.
-
Unstable angina: caused by coronary artery spasms, occurs at rest or with mild exertion, has a longer duration, and may indicate an impending MI.
-
Angina may increase in frequency and severity over time.
-
Angina can be diagnosed through various tests such as chemical stress testing, cardiac CT scan, cardiac MRI/MRA, radioisotope imaging, and coronary angiography.
-
Vasodilators can be used to treat angina and relieve pain.
-
Angina commonly occurs in the morning and can be precipitated by physical exertion, large meals, or emotional stress.
-
Women may experience angina symptoms atypically, with symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, nausea, or less severe chest pain.
-
Fruits and vegetables high in fiber should be added to the diet when taking bile acid sequestrants to prevent gastrointestinal effects.
-
Statins are first-line drugs to reduce LDLs by inhibiting cholesterol synthesis.
-
Fibrates reduce triglycerides and improve HDLs.
-
Bile acid sequestrants lower cholesterol by binding bile acids and increasing the use of stored cholesterol.
-
Niacin is a medication that prevents the conversion of fats into VLDLs.
-
Ezetimibe inhibits the absorption of cholesterol and increases the conversion of LDL to HDLs.
-
Dosage instructions, interactions, and side effects should be explained to patients when starting these medications.
-
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of disability and death in the United States.
-
About 83.6 million American adults have one or more types of CVDs.
-
In 2012, approximately 785,000 Americans had a new myocardial infarction (MI) and 470,000 a recurrent MI.
-
Heart attacks occur in older women more frequently than men, and women are more likely to die from heart attacks within a few weeks.
-
Smoking, lack of education, and older age are risk factors for heart disease.
-
Arteriosclerosis is a disorder characterized by the thickening, loss of elasticity, and calcification of arterial walls.
-
Atherosclerosis is the formation of plaque within the arterial wall, which can cause coronary artery disease (CAD).
-
Pathophysiology of atherosclerosis involves injury to the endothelial cells, inflammation, scar tissue, and lipid accumulation.
-
Risk factors for atherosclerosis include high total cholesterol levels, high LDL cholesterol, high Lp(a) cholesterol, high apolipoprotein B to apolipoprotein A ratio, and inflammation indicated by elevated C-reactive protein levels.
-
Diagnostic tests for atherosclerosis include measuring cholesterol levels, arteriograms, and testing for C-reactive protein.
-
Therapeutic measures for atherosclerosis include a low-fat, low-cholesterol diet, smoking cessation, and increased exercise.
-
Nursing diagnoses for patients with atherosclerosis include deficient knowledge related to self-care and health promotion and pain related to reduced vascular or coronary artery blood flow.
-
Arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis can begin in early childhood and progress without symptoms through adult life.
-
Atherosclerotic arteries have a fibrous cap, which may tear or rupture, leading to the formation of a blood clot or partial or total occlusion of the artery.
-
Over time, plaque buildup becomes calcified and hardened, causing turbulence that damages cells and increases the buildup within the vessel.
-
Etiology of atherosclerosis includes risk factors that can be modified (diet, lifestyle choices) and those that cannot (genetics).
-
Arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis can be managed through healthy lifestyle choices, controlling risk factors, medications, and medical exams.
-
Diet plays a significant role in preventing and managing cardiovascular diseases, particularly arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis.
-
Eating a heart-healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole-grains, lean proteins, and low in saturated fat, cholesterol, sodium, and added sugars is recommended by the American Heart Association (AHA).
-
Cigarette smoking significantly increases the risk of developing coronary artery disease (CAD) by up to six times, and the risk is proportional to the number of cigarettes smoked.
-
Men and postmenopausal women have an increased risk of developing atherosclerosis and CAD.
-
African Americans have a higher incidence of atherosclerosis.
-
Risk factors that can be controlled or changed include hypertension, obesity, elevated blood lipids, diabetes, and stress.
-
Tobacco use, including secondhand and thirdhand smoke, increases the risk for atherosclerosis and CAD by causing vasoconstriction, decreasing high-density lipoproteins (HDL), and raising myocardial oxygen demand.
-
Controlling blood cholesterol levels through diet involves reducing saturated fat intake and consuming foods rich in soluble fiber, marine omega-3 fatty acids, and plant sterols.
-
Medications may be used when dietary control is not effective in lowering lipid levels and managing atherosclerosis and CAD.
-
Exercise raises HDL levels, lowers insulin resistance, facilitates weight loss, and develops collateral circulation.
-
Before beginning an exercise program, consult a healthcare provider.
-
Coronary artery disease is the obstruction of blood flow through the coronary arteries to the heart muscle cells, typically caused by atherosclerosis.
-
CAD (Coronary Artery Disease) can lead to angina, MI (Myocardial Infarction), or sudden death due to reduced blood flow to the heart.
-
Risk factors for CAD include those that can be modified, which should be adjusted according to AHA guidelines.
-
Prevention: Low-dose aspirin can be prescribed to prevent thrombus formation.
-
Angina Pectoris: chest pain caused by insufficient oxygen supply to the heart muscle due to CAD.
-
With CAD, the coronary arteries cannot dilate to meet increased oxygen demand, causing myocardial ischemia.
-
Angina may also be caused by other conditions like vasospasm, heart failure, hypertension, etc.
-
Angina symptoms: chest pain, tightness, heaviness, squeezing, or crushing in the chest or adjacent areas. May radiate to arms, shoulders, neck, jaw, back.
-
Angina pain is often predictable, occurs with exertion, and subsides with rest. Can also be relieved with a vasodilator.
-
Angina can be classified as stable or unstable (Prinzmetal's Angina).
-
Stable angina: chest pain with predictable pattern, occurs with exertion, and subsides with rest.
-
Unstable angina: caused by coronary artery spasms, occurs at rest or with mild exertion, has a longer duration, and may indicate an impending MI.
-
Angina may increase in frequency and severity over time.
-
Angina can be diagnosed through various tests such as chemical stress testing, cardiac CT scan, cardiac MRI/MRA, radioisotope imaging, and coronary angiography.
-
Vasodilators can be used to treat angina and relieve pain.
-
Angina commonly occurs in the morning and can be precipitated by physical exertion, large meals, or emotional stress.
-
Women may experience angina symptoms atypically, with symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, nausea, or less severe chest pain.
-
Fruits and vegetables high in fiber should be added to the diet when taking bile acid sequestrants to prevent gastrointestinal effects.
-
Statins are first-line drugs to reduce LDLs by inhibiting cholesterol synthesis.
-
Fibrates reduce triglycerides and improve HDLs.
-
Bile acid sequestrants lower cholesterol by binding bile acids and increasing the use of stored cholesterol.
-
Niacin is a medication that prevents the conversion of fats into VLDLs.
-
Ezetimibe inhibits the absorption of cholesterol and increases the conversion of LDL to HDLs.
-
Dosage instructions, interactions, and side effects should be explained to patients when starting these medications.
Test your knowledge of therapeutic measures, diet recommendations, and lifestyle changes for controlling arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis. Learn about heart-healthy foods that can help in preventing the formation of plaque within arteries.
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