Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which medication class is used to inhibit platelet activation, adhesion, or proc?
Which medication class is used to inhibit platelet activation, adhesion, or proc?
- Antiplatelets (correct)
- Calcium channel blockers
- Vasodilators
- Beta blockers
What is the drug of choice for diagnosing CAD or angina?
What is the drug of choice for diagnosing CAD or angina?
- NTG (a nitrate) (correct)
- Calcium channel blockers
- Beta blockers
- Vasodilators
Which medication class dilates coronary arteries to increase oxygen to the myocardium and dilates peripheral arteries?
Which medication class dilates coronary arteries to increase oxygen to the myocardium and dilates peripheral arteries?
- Vasodilators (nitrates) (correct)
- Antiplatelets
- Calcium channel blockers
- Beta blockers
What is the primary goal of treatment for CAD and angina?
What is the primary goal of treatment for CAD and angina?
What may help slow disease progression in CAD and angina patients?
What may help slow disease progression in CAD and angina patients?
Which medication class is NOT used for relieving angina?
Which medication class is NOT used for relieving angina?
What determines the course of treatment for CAD and angina patients?
What determines the course of treatment for CAD and angina patients?
Which test is commonly used for diagnosing CAD or angina?
Which test is commonly used for diagnosing CAD or angina?
Which term refers to the condition characterized by the buildup of cholesterol and other substances in the walls of the arteries?
Which term refers to the condition characterized by the buildup of cholesterol and other substances in the walls of the arteries?
What is the term for the condition that causes chest pain or discomfort due to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle?
What is the term for the condition that causes chest pain or discomfort due to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle?
What term is used to describe a sudden blockage in a blood vessel by an embolus?
What term is used to describe a sudden blockage in a blood vessel by an embolus?
Which term refers to the condition where fatty deposits within the walls of the arteries lead to narrowing and restricted blood flow?
Which term refers to the condition where fatty deposits within the walls of the arteries lead to narrowing and restricted blood flow?
What term is used to describe a localized dilation or ballooning of an artery wall?
What term is used to describe a localized dilation or ballooning of an artery wall?
What is the term for the surgical removal of plaque from the inner lining of an artery?
What is the term for the surgical removal of plaque from the inner lining of an artery?
Which term is used to describe a condition of inflammation and infection in the lymphatic channels?
Which term is used to describe a condition of inflammation and infection in the lymphatic channels?
What term is used to describe a condition characterized by reduced blood flow to the extremities leading to muscle pain during physical activity?
What term is used to describe a condition characterized by reduced blood flow to the extremities leading to muscle pain during physical activity?
What is the most common cause of angina?
What is the most common cause of angina?
How can angina pain be relieved?
How can angina pain be relieved?
Which type of angina may indicate an impending heart attack?
Which type of angina may indicate an impending heart attack?
What medication is commonly prescribed to prevent thrombus formation in CAD patients?
What medication is commonly prescribed to prevent thrombus formation in CAD patients?
Which medication inhibits the absorption of cholesterol and increases the conversion of LDL to HDL?
Which medication inhibits the absorption of cholesterol and increases the conversion of LDL to HDL?
What is the first-line drug to reduce LDL cholesterol by inhibiting cholesterol synthesis?
What is the first-line drug to reduce LDL cholesterol by inhibiting cholesterol synthesis?
What should be added to the diet when taking bile acid sequestrants to prevent gastrointestinal effects?
What should be added to the diet when taking bile acid sequestrants to prevent gastrointestinal effects?
How can CAD lead to angina, MI, or sudden death?
How can CAD lead to angina, MI, or sudden death?
Which factor significantly increases the risk of developing coronary artery disease (CAD)?
Which factor significantly increases the risk of developing coronary artery disease (CAD)?
What dietary factor plays a significant role in preventing and managing cardiovascular diseases?
What dietary factor plays a significant role in preventing and managing cardiovascular diseases?
What is a common risk factor that can be controlled or changed to prevent arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis?
What is a common risk factor that can be controlled or changed to prevent arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis?
Which lifestyle choice is recommended by the American Heart Association (AHA) for preventing arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis?
Which lifestyle choice is recommended by the American Heart Association (AHA) for preventing arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis?
What does tobacco use do that increases the risk for atherosclerosis and CAD?
What does tobacco use do that increases the risk for atherosclerosis and CAD?
What role does exercise play in managing atherosclerosis and CAD?
What role does exercise play in managing atherosclerosis and CAD?
What is coronary artery disease (CAD) typically caused by?
What is coronary artery disease (CAD) typically caused by?
What is the significance of controlling blood cholesterol levels through diet?
What is the significance of controlling blood cholesterol levels through diet?
What is the primary cause of death and disability in the United States?
What is the primary cause of death and disability in the United States?
Which disorder is characterized by the thickening, loss of elasticity, and calcification of arterial walls?
Which disorder is characterized by the thickening, loss of elasticity, and calcification of arterial walls?
What is the disorder that involves the formation of plaque within the arterial wall, leading to coronary artery disease (CAD)?
What is the disorder that involves the formation of plaque within the arterial wall, leading to coronary artery disease (CAD)?
Which risk factor is commonly associated with atherosclerosis?
Which risk factor is commonly associated with atherosclerosis?
What is the primary therapeutic measure for atherosclerosis?
What is the primary therapeutic measure for atherosclerosis?
Which condition can begin in early childhood and progress without symptoms through adult life?
Which condition can begin in early childhood and progress without symptoms through adult life?
What do atherosclerotic arteries have that might lead to the formation of a blood clot or partial or total occlusion of the artery?
What do atherosclerotic arteries have that might lead to the formation of a blood clot or partial or total occlusion of the artery?
Which risk factor for atherosclerosis cannot be modified?
Which risk factor for atherosclerosis cannot be modified?
Which of the following conditions involves the formation of plaque within the arterial wall, leading to coronary artery disease (CAD)?
Which of the following conditions involves the formation of plaque within the arterial wall, leading to coronary artery disease (CAD)?
What medication class dilates coronary arteries to increase oxygen to the myocardium and dilates peripheral arteries?
What medication class dilates coronary arteries to increase oxygen to the myocardium and dilates peripheral arteries?
Which term refers to the condition characterized by reduced blood flow to the extremities leading to muscle pain during physical activity?
Which term refers to the condition characterized by reduced blood flow to the extremities leading to muscle pain during physical activity?
What is the term for the condition that causes chest pain or discomfort due to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle?
What is the term for the condition that causes chest pain or discomfort due to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle?
Which lifestyle choice is recommended by the American Heart Association (AHA) for preventing arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis?
Which lifestyle choice is recommended by the American Heart Association (AHA) for preventing arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis?
What is the primary cause of disability and death in the United States?
What is the primary cause of disability and death in the United States?
What factor significantly increases the risk of developing coronary artery disease (CAD)?
What factor significantly increases the risk of developing coronary artery disease (CAD)?
What test is commonly used for diagnosing CAD or angina?
What test is commonly used for diagnosing CAD or angina?
Which risk factor is NOT commonly associated with atherosclerosis?
Which risk factor is NOT commonly associated with atherosclerosis?
What term refers to a sudden blockage in a blood vessel by an embolus?
What term refers to a sudden blockage in a blood vessel by an embolus?
What is the primary therapeutic measure for atherosclerosis?
What is the primary therapeutic measure for atherosclerosis?
What is the significance of controlling blood cholesterol levels through diet?
What is the significance of controlling blood cholesterol levels through diet?
Which lifestyle choice is recommended by the American Heart Association (AHA) for preventing arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis?
Which lifestyle choice is recommended by the American Heart Association (AHA) for preventing arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis?
What may help slow disease progression in coronary artery disease (CAD) and angina patients?
What may help slow disease progression in coronary artery disease (CAD) and angina patients?
Which factor significantly increases the risk of developing coronary artery disease (CAD)?
Which factor significantly increases the risk of developing coronary artery disease (CAD)?
What is the term for the condition characterized by reduced blood flow to the extremities leading to muscle pain during physical activity?
What is the term for the condition characterized by reduced blood flow to the extremities leading to muscle pain during physical activity?
Which condition is characterized by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle due to CAD?
Which condition is characterized by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle due to CAD?
What is the term for chest pain caused by insufficient oxygen supply to the heart muscle due to CAD?
What is the term for chest pain caused by insufficient oxygen supply to the heart muscle due to CAD?
Which medication class is commonly prescribed to prevent thrombus formation in CAD patients?
Which medication class is commonly prescribed to prevent thrombus formation in CAD patients?
What is the primary goal of treatment for CAD and angina?
What is the primary goal of treatment for CAD and angina?
What medication is commonly used to reduce LDL cholesterol by inhibiting cholesterol synthesis?
What medication is commonly used to reduce LDL cholesterol by inhibiting cholesterol synthesis?
What type of angina may be caused by coronary artery spasms and indicates an impending MI?
What type of angina may be caused by coronary artery spasms and indicates an impending MI?
Which medication class inhibits the absorption of cholesterol and increases the conversion of LDL to HDL?
Which medication class inhibits the absorption of cholesterol and increases the conversion of LDL to HDL?
What lifestyle factor should be added to the diet when taking bile acid sequestrants to prevent gastrointestinal effects?
What lifestyle factor should be added to the diet when taking bile acid sequestrants to prevent gastrointestinal effects?
Which factor significantly increases the risk of developing atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease (CAD)?
Which factor significantly increases the risk of developing atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease (CAD)?
What dietary factor plays a significant role in preventing and managing cardiovascular diseases?
What dietary factor plays a significant role in preventing and managing cardiovascular diseases?
Which lifestyle choice is recommended by the American Heart Association (AHA) for preventing arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis?
Which lifestyle choice is recommended by the American Heart Association (AHA) for preventing arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis?
What role does exercise play in managing atherosclerosis and CAD?
What role does exercise play in managing atherosclerosis and CAD?
What medication class may be used when dietary control is not effective in lowering lipid levels and managing atherosclerosis and CAD?
What medication class may be used when dietary control is not effective in lowering lipid levels and managing atherosclerosis and CAD?
Which group has an increased risk of developing atherosclerosis and CAD?
Which group has an increased risk of developing atherosclerosis and CAD?
What effect does cigarette smoking have on the risk of developing coronary artery disease (CAD)?
What effect does cigarette smoking have on the risk of developing coronary artery disease (CAD)?
What is the significance of controlling blood cholesterol levels through diet?
What is the significance of controlling blood cholesterol levels through diet?
What is the primary goal of treatment for CAD and angina?
What is the primary goal of treatment for CAD and angina?
What medication class is NOT used for relieving angina?
What medication class is NOT used for relieving angina?
What determines the course of treatment for CAD and angina patients?
What determines the course of treatment for CAD and angina patients?
Which medication class dilates coronary arteries to increase oxygen to the myocardium and dilates peripheral arteries?
Which medication class dilates coronary arteries to increase oxygen to the myocardium and dilates peripheral arteries?
What may help slow disease progression in CAD and angina patients?
What may help slow disease progression in CAD and angina patients?
Which factor significantly increases the risk of developing coronary artery disease (CAD)?
Which factor significantly increases the risk of developing coronary artery disease (CAD)?
What is the drug of choice for diagnosing CAD or angina?
What is the drug of choice for diagnosing CAD or angina?
What is the term for the condition where fatty deposits within the walls of the arteries lead to narrowing and restricted blood flow?
What is the term for the condition where fatty deposits within the walls of the arteries lead to narrowing and restricted blood flow?
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is primarily caused by the buildup of cholesterol and other substances in the walls of the arteries.
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is primarily caused by the buildup of cholesterol and other substances in the walls of the arteries.
Angina pectoris is a localized dilation or ballooning of an artery wall.
Angina pectoris is a localized dilation or ballooning of an artery wall.
Myocardial infarction is characterized by the thickening, loss of elasticity, and calcification of arterial walls.
Myocardial infarction is characterized by the thickening, loss of elasticity, and calcification of arterial walls.
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is commonly referred to as 'bad' cholesterol.
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is commonly referred to as 'bad' cholesterol.
Thrombosis refers to a sudden blockage in a blood vessel by an embolus.
Thrombosis refers to a sudden blockage in a blood vessel by an embolus.
Venous stasis ulcers are commonly associated with peripheral arterial disease.
Venous stasis ulcers are commonly associated with peripheral arterial disease.
Atherosclerosis is a condition where fatty deposits within the walls of the arteries lead to narrowing and restricted blood flow.
Atherosclerosis is a condition where fatty deposits within the walls of the arteries lead to narrowing and restricted blood flow.
Raynaud’s disease is characterized by coronary artery spasms and indicates an impending myocardial infarction.
Raynaud’s disease is characterized by coronary artery spasms and indicates an impending myocardial infarction.
Arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis can be managed solely through healthy lifestyle choices without the need for medications or medical exams.
Arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis can be managed solely through healthy lifestyle choices without the need for medications or medical exams.
Eating a heart-healthy diet is not recommended by the American Heart Association (AHA) for preventing and managing cardiovascular diseases.
Eating a heart-healthy diet is not recommended by the American Heart Association (AHA) for preventing and managing cardiovascular diseases.
Cigarette smoking does not significantly increase the risk of developing coronary artery disease (CAD).
Cigarette smoking does not significantly increase the risk of developing coronary artery disease (CAD).
African Americans do not have a higher incidence of atherosclerosis.
African Americans do not have a higher incidence of atherosclerosis.
Tobacco use, including secondhand and thirdhand smoke, does not increase the risk for atherosclerosis and CAD.
Tobacco use, including secondhand and thirdhand smoke, does not increase the risk for atherosclerosis and CAD.
Controlling blood cholesterol levels through diet does not involve reducing saturated fat intake.
Controlling blood cholesterol levels through diet does not involve reducing saturated fat intake.
Exercise does not raise HDL levels or lower insulin resistance.
Exercise does not raise HDL levels or lower insulin resistance.
Coronary artery disease is not typically caused by atherosclerosis.
Coronary artery disease is not typically caused by atherosclerosis.
Arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis can only begin in adulthood and progress without symptoms through adult life.
Arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis can only begin in adulthood and progress without symptoms through adult life.
Smoking, lack of education, and older age are risk factors for heart disease.
Smoking, lack of education, and older age are risk factors for heart disease.
Atherosclerosis is the formation of plaque within the arterial wall, which can cause coronary artery disease (CAD).
Atherosclerosis is the formation of plaque within the arterial wall, which can cause coronary artery disease (CAD).
Over time, plaque buildup becomes calcified and hardened, causing turbulence that damages cells and increases the buildup within the vessel.
Over time, plaque buildup becomes calcified and hardened, causing turbulence that damages cells and increases the buildup within the vessel.
Diagnostic tests for atherosclerosis include measuring cholesterol levels, arteriograms, and testing for C-reactive protein.
Diagnostic tests for atherosclerosis include measuring cholesterol levels, arteriograms, and testing for C-reactive protein.
Risk factors for atherosclerosis include high total cholesterol levels, high LDL cholesterol, high Lp(a) cholesterol, high apolipoprotein B to apolipoprotein A ratio, and inflammation indicated by elevated C-reactive protein levels.
Risk factors for atherosclerosis include high total cholesterol levels, high LDL cholesterol, high Lp(a) cholesterol, high apolipoprotein B to apolipoprotein A ratio, and inflammation indicated by elevated C-reactive protein levels.
Therapeutic measures for atherosclerosis include a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet, smoking cessation, and decreased exercise.
Therapeutic measures for atherosclerosis include a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet, smoking cessation, and decreased exercise.
Etiology of atherosclerosis includes risk factors that can be modified (diet, lifestyle choices) and those that cannot (genetics).
Etiology of atherosclerosis includes risk factors that can be modified (diet, lifestyle choices) and those that cannot (genetics).
Angina symptoms include chest pain, tightness, heaviness, and may radiate to arms, shoulders, neck, jaw, and back.
Angina symptoms include chest pain, tightness, heaviness, and may radiate to arms, shoulders, neck, jaw, and back.
Angina can only be classified as stable, and there is no such thing as unstable angina.
Angina can only be classified as stable, and there is no such thing as unstable angina.
Low-dose aspirin can be prescribed to prevent thrombus formation in CAD patients.
Low-dose aspirin can be prescribed to prevent thrombus formation in CAD patients.
Vasodilators are not used to treat angina and relieve pain.
Vasodilators are not used to treat angina and relieve pain.
Women may experience atypical angina symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, nausea, or less severe chest pain.
Women may experience atypical angina symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, nausea, or less severe chest pain.
Statins are first-line drugs to reduce LDLs by inhibiting cholesterol synthesis.
Statins are first-line drugs to reduce LDLs by inhibiting cholesterol synthesis.
Fibrates reduce triglycerides and improve HDLs.
Fibrates reduce triglycerides and improve HDLs.
Niacin is a medication that prevents the conversion of fats into VLDLs.
Niacin is a medication that prevents the conversion of fats into VLDLs.
Is NTG, a nitrate, the drug of choice for diagnosing CAD or angina?
Is NTG, a nitrate, the drug of choice for diagnosing CAD or angina?
Weight reduction following a heart healthy diet and stress reduction may help slow disease progression.
Weight reduction following a heart healthy diet and stress reduction may help slow disease progression.
The three major groups of medication used for relieving angina are vasodilators (nitrates), calcium channel blockers, and beta blockers.
The three major groups of medication used for relieving angina are vasodilators (nitrates), calcium channel blockers, and beta blockers.
Nitrates dilate coronary arteries to increase oxygen to the myocardium and dilate peripheral arteries.
Nitrates dilate coronary arteries to increase oxygen to the myocardium and dilate peripheral arteries.
Arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis can be managed solely through healthy lifestyle choices without the need for medications or medical exams.
Arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis can be managed solely through healthy lifestyle choices without the need for medications or medical exams.
Exercise does not raise HDL levels or lower insulin resistance.
Exercise does not raise HDL levels or lower insulin resistance.
Tobacco use, including secondhand and thirdhand smoke, does not increase the risk for atherosclerosis and CAD.
Tobacco use, including secondhand and thirdhand smoke, does not increase the risk for atherosclerosis and CAD.
Thrombosis refers to a sudden blockage in a blood vessel by an embolus.
Thrombosis refers to a sudden blockage in a blood vessel by an embolus.
Study Notes
-
CAD (Coronary Artery Disease) can lead to angina, MI (Myocardial Infarction), or sudden death due to reduced blood flow to the heart.
-
Risk factors for CAD include those that can be modified, which should be adjusted according to AHA guidelines.
-
Prevention: Low-dose aspirin can be prescribed to prevent thrombus formation.
-
Angina Pectoris: chest pain caused by insufficient oxygen supply to the heart muscle due to CAD.
-
With CAD, the coronary arteries cannot dilate to meet increased oxygen demand, causing myocardial ischemia.
-
Angina may also be caused by other conditions like vasospasm, heart failure, hypertension, etc.
-
Angina symptoms: chest pain, tightness, heaviness, squeezing, or crushing in the chest or adjacent areas. May radiate to arms, shoulders, neck, jaw, back.
-
Angina pain is often predictable, occurs with exertion, and subsides with rest. Can also be relieved with a vasodilator.
-
Angina can be classified as stable or unstable (Prinzmetal's Angina).
-
Stable angina: chest pain with predictable pattern, occurs with exertion, and subsides with rest.
-
Unstable angina: caused by coronary artery spasms, occurs at rest or with mild exertion, has a longer duration, and may indicate an impending MI.
-
Angina may increase in frequency and severity over time.
-
Angina can be diagnosed through various tests such as chemical stress testing, cardiac CT scan, cardiac MRI/MRA, radioisotope imaging, and coronary angiography.
-
Vasodilators can be used to treat angina and relieve pain.
-
Angina commonly occurs in the morning and can be precipitated by physical exertion, large meals, or emotional stress.
-
Women may experience angina symptoms atypically, with symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, nausea, or less severe chest pain.
-
Fruits and vegetables high in fiber should be added to the diet when taking bile acid sequestrants to prevent gastrointestinal effects.
-
Statins are first-line drugs to reduce LDLs by inhibiting cholesterol synthesis.
-
Fibrates reduce triglycerides and improve HDLs.
-
Bile acid sequestrants lower cholesterol by binding bile acids and increasing the use of stored cholesterol.
-
Niacin is a medication that prevents the conversion of fats into VLDLs.
-
Ezetimibe inhibits the absorption of cholesterol and increases the conversion of LDL to HDLs.
-
Dosage instructions, interactions, and side effects should be explained to patients when starting these medications.
-
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of disability and death in the United States.
-
About 83.6 million American adults have one or more types of CVDs.
-
In 2012, approximately 785,000 Americans had a new myocardial infarction (MI) and 470,000 a recurrent MI.
-
Heart attacks occur in older women more frequently than men, and women are more likely to die from heart attacks within a few weeks.
-
Smoking, lack of education, and older age are risk factors for heart disease.
-
Arteriosclerosis is a disorder characterized by the thickening, loss of elasticity, and calcification of arterial walls.
-
Atherosclerosis is the formation of plaque within the arterial wall, which can cause coronary artery disease (CAD).
-
Pathophysiology of atherosclerosis involves injury to the endothelial cells, inflammation, scar tissue, and lipid accumulation.
-
Risk factors for atherosclerosis include high total cholesterol levels, high LDL cholesterol, high Lp(a) cholesterol, high apolipoprotein B to apolipoprotein A ratio, and inflammation indicated by elevated C-reactive protein levels.
-
Diagnostic tests for atherosclerosis include measuring cholesterol levels, arteriograms, and testing for C-reactive protein.
-
Therapeutic measures for atherosclerosis include a low-fat, low-cholesterol diet, smoking cessation, and increased exercise.
-
Nursing diagnoses for patients with atherosclerosis include deficient knowledge related to self-care and health promotion and pain related to reduced vascular or coronary artery blood flow.
-
Arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis can begin in early childhood and progress without symptoms through adult life.
-
Atherosclerotic arteries have a fibrous cap, which may tear or rupture, leading to the formation of a blood clot or partial or total occlusion of the artery.
-
Over time, plaque buildup becomes calcified and hardened, causing turbulence that damages cells and increases the buildup within the vessel.
-
Etiology of atherosclerosis includes risk factors that can be modified (diet, lifestyle choices) and those that cannot (genetics).
-
Arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis can be managed through healthy lifestyle choices, controlling risk factors, medications, and medical exams.
-
Diet plays a significant role in preventing and managing cardiovascular diseases, particularly arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis.
-
Eating a heart-healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole-grains, lean proteins, and low in saturated fat, cholesterol, sodium, and added sugars is recommended by the American Heart Association (AHA).
-
Cigarette smoking significantly increases the risk of developing coronary artery disease (CAD) by up to six times, and the risk is proportional to the number of cigarettes smoked.
-
Men and postmenopausal women have an increased risk of developing atherosclerosis and CAD.
-
African Americans have a higher incidence of atherosclerosis.
-
Risk factors that can be controlled or changed include hypertension, obesity, elevated blood lipids, diabetes, and stress.
-
Tobacco use, including secondhand and thirdhand smoke, increases the risk for atherosclerosis and CAD by causing vasoconstriction, decreasing high-density lipoproteins (HDL), and raising myocardial oxygen demand.
-
Controlling blood cholesterol levels through diet involves reducing saturated fat intake and consuming foods rich in soluble fiber, marine omega-3 fatty acids, and plant sterols.
-
Medications may be used when dietary control is not effective in lowering lipid levels and managing atherosclerosis and CAD.
-
Exercise raises HDL levels, lowers insulin resistance, facilitates weight loss, and develops collateral circulation.
-
Before beginning an exercise program, consult a healthcare provider.
-
Coronary artery disease is the obstruction of blood flow through the coronary arteries to the heart muscle cells, typically caused by atherosclerosis.
-
CAD (Coronary Artery Disease) can lead to angina, MI (Myocardial Infarction), or sudden death due to reduced blood flow to the heart.
-
Risk factors for CAD include those that can be modified, which should be adjusted according to AHA guidelines.
-
Prevention: Low-dose aspirin can be prescribed to prevent thrombus formation.
-
Angina Pectoris: chest pain caused by insufficient oxygen supply to the heart muscle due to CAD.
-
With CAD, the coronary arteries cannot dilate to meet increased oxygen demand, causing myocardial ischemia.
-
Angina may also be caused by other conditions like vasospasm, heart failure, hypertension, etc.
-
Angina symptoms: chest pain, tightness, heaviness, squeezing, or crushing in the chest or adjacent areas. May radiate to arms, shoulders, neck, jaw, back.
-
Angina pain is often predictable, occurs with exertion, and subsides with rest. Can also be relieved with a vasodilator.
-
Angina can be classified as stable or unstable (Prinzmetal's Angina).
-
Stable angina: chest pain with predictable pattern, occurs with exertion, and subsides with rest.
-
Unstable angina: caused by coronary artery spasms, occurs at rest or with mild exertion, has a longer duration, and may indicate an impending MI.
-
Angina may increase in frequency and severity over time.
-
Angina can be diagnosed through various tests such as chemical stress testing, cardiac CT scan, cardiac MRI/MRA, radioisotope imaging, and coronary angiography.
-
Vasodilators can be used to treat angina and relieve pain.
-
Angina commonly occurs in the morning and can be precipitated by physical exertion, large meals, or emotional stress.
-
Women may experience angina symptoms atypically, with symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, nausea, or less severe chest pain.
-
Fruits and vegetables high in fiber should be added to the diet when taking bile acid sequestrants to prevent gastrointestinal effects.
-
Statins are first-line drugs to reduce LDLs by inhibiting cholesterol synthesis.
-
Fibrates reduce triglycerides and improve HDLs.
-
Bile acid sequestrants lower cholesterol by binding bile acids and increasing the use of stored cholesterol.
-
Niacin is a medication that prevents the conversion of fats into VLDLs.
-
Ezetimibe inhibits the absorption of cholesterol and increases the conversion of LDL to HDLs.
-
Dosage instructions, interactions, and side effects should be explained to patients when starting these medications.
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Test your knowledge of therapeutic measures, diet recommendations, and lifestyle changes for controlling arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis. Learn about heart-healthy foods that can help in preventing the formation of plaque within arteries.
