Arteries and Veins Development

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Questions and Answers

Describe the process of septation of the bulbus cordis and name the channels formed as a result.

The bulbus cordis is divided by the bulbar septum into two channels: the conus arteriosus and the aortic vestibule.

Explain how the spiral aortico-pulmonary septum divides the truncus arteriosus. Include which vessel lies ventral and which lies dorsal during this process?

The spiral aortico-pulmonary septum divides the truncus arteriosus into the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk. The pulmonary orifice lies ventral to the aortic orifice (most cranially) and the pulmonary trunk lies dorsal to the ascending aorta (most caudally).

During development, the aortic sac gives rise to the arteries in the aortic arch. What part of the aortic arch do each of the right and left horns give rise to?

The right horn gives rise to the brachiocephalic artery, and the left horn gives rise to the proximal part of the arch of the aorta.

The pharyngeal arches contribute to the development of arteries. What is the order in which these arch arteries appear cranially to caudally? Which arch disappears the earliest?

The pharyngeal arch arteries appear in order from 1-6. The 5th arch artery typically disappears very early in development. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the final derivatives of the 3rd aortic arch artery, and from which vessel does the external carotid artery originate?

The 3rd aortic arch artery forms the common carotid artery and the first part of the internal carotid artery. The external carotid artery is a new growth originating from the 3rd arch. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the derivatives of the 4th aortic arch artery on both the left and right sides?

On the left, it forms part of the arch of the aorta. On the right, it forms part of the right subclavian artery. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the ultimate fate of the 6th aortic arch artery on both the left and right sides?

The proximal part of the 6th aortic arch becomes the pulmonary artery. On the left side, the distal part forms the ductus arteriosus, which later becomes the ligamentum arteriosum in adults. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the vitelline veins in early vascular development, and where do they drain?

The vitelline veins drain the yolk sac and gut tube. They pass through the septum transversum and drain into the sinus venosus. Signup and view all the answers

Describe how the portal vein is formed from the vitelline vein anastomosis.

They anastomose around the duodenum by an 8-shape anastomosis. They give then the portal vein and its two tributaries that include: the splenic and the superior mesenteric veins. Signup and view all the answers

After birth, what is the final derivative of the left umbilical vein? What happens to the ductus venosus?

The left umbilical vein closes after birth and forms the ligamentum teres. The ductus venosus also closes and forms the ligamentum venosum. Signup and view all the answers

Explain what drains into the anterior and posterior cardinal veins, and where these vessels ultimately drain into.

The anterior cardinal veins drain the cephalic part of the embryo, and the posterior cardinal veins drain the caudal part. Both pairs of veins drain into the sinus venosus. Signup and view all the answers

During the development of the cardinal veins, where is the right common cardinal vein ultimately derived?

It ultimately becomes the lower part of the superior vena cava (SVC). Signup and view all the answers

Derivatives form the left common cardinal vein remain in the adult human body. What are they?

The oblique vein of the left atrium (see sinus venosus). Signup and view all the answers

The cranial part of the anterior cardinal veins connect during development. What do they connect to, and what is formed as a result?

They become connected by cranial anastomosis, and connect to form the right internal jugular, right brachiocephalic, superior vena cava, and left internal jugular. Signup and view all the answers

The supra-cardinal veins play a vital role in draining the body. What do they form on the right and left sides that connect with one another? Explain the importance of the connection.

They form the azygos vein (at the right) and hemi azygos vein (at the left). Their anastomosis is the connection between azygos ad hemi azygos veins. Signup and view all the answers

The sub-cardinal veins form the gonadal and suprarenal veins. What larger structure does the right sub-cardinal share in the formation of?

The right subcardinal shares in the formation of the inferior vena cava (IVC). Signup and view all the answers

Outline the main steps of derivatives in developing the inferior vena cava (IVC).

The IVC is developed by the segments from the following veins: hepatic, suprarenal, right renal, infrarenal, and iliac. Signup and view all the answers

Explain how fetal circulation is different from adult circulation, and describe how blood from the placenta enters the fetal heart.

Fetal circulation bypasses the lungs. Oxygenated blood from the placenta enters the fetus via the umbilical vein, passes through the liver, through the inferior vena cava, and then reaches the right atrium of the heart. Signup and view all the answers

In foetal circulation, how does blood enter the left atrium? Describe the two vessels the blood flows through after to complete its circulation?

Next the blood flows through the foramen ovale to get blood into the left atrium which flows to the left ventricle. The blood is then pumped into the body via aortic arch and descending aorta. Signup and view all the answers

What are the 6 changes that typically occur after birth to transition from fetal to adult circulation?

The 6 changes post birth are: the lungs start to function, the ductus arteriosus is closed, the foramen oval is closed, the umbilical arteries are closed, the umbilical vein is closed, and the ductus venosus is closed. Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely diagnosis for a pale cyanotic infant in mild respiratory distress? And what are the key components of this disease that leads to that diagnosis?

The most likely diagnosis is Fallot’s Tetralogy. Key components are overriding aorta, ventricular septal defect (VSD), right ventricular hypertrophy, and pulmonary stenosis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the embryonic derivative of the Smooth part of the right atrium?

Sinus venosus Signup and view all the answers

From which embryonic structure is the ascending aorta derived?

Truncus arteriosus. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the caudal part of the right supracardinal vein?

It shares in the formation of the IVC. Signup and view all the answers

If an infant had a malformation of their proximal aortic arch, which arch artery would be the most likely source of this malformation?

The left horn artery. Signup and view all the answers

Outline the path in which vitelline veins anastomose in the liver.

They anastomosis around the duodenum by 8-shape before giving both the portal vein and tributaries. Signup and view all the answers

Why is the anastomosis of the hemi azygos and azygos veins important?

Because these veins are important because they provide an alternative route for venous return if the inferior vena cava is blocked. Signup and view all the answers

What vessel drains the cephalic part of the embryo, and to where does this vessel drain?

It is drained by the anterior cardinal veins, and these drain into the sinus venosus. Signup and view all the answers

The sub-cardinal veins are essential for draining the reproductive/renal area. What veins does the right sub-cardinal share in the formation of, and name the larger structure that these drain?

The right subcardinal shares in the formation of the inferior vena cava (IVC). Signup and view all the answers

Name the arteries from pharyngeal arches that are crucial in supplying blood to parts of the head and neck.

The 3rd aortic arch gives rise to the common carotid and initial part of the internal carotid artery. Signup and view all the answers

A malformation of the inter ventricular septum has occurred. Where did the continuous nature of the inter ventricular septum come from?

The inter ventricular septum is continuous with the aortico-pulmonary septum in the truncus arteriosus. Signup and view all the answers

The spiral aortico pulmonary septum lies dorsal and to the left; what important part of blood flow is created?

The spiral aortico pulmonary septum helps create the aortic vestibule. Signup and view all the answers

After Birth and closure of the ligamentum, how is this structure connected in adult hood?

This structure is connection between a ductus and pulmonary trunk. Signup and view all the answers

Why are five pairs of arch arteries only apparent from cranial to caudal region?

This occurs because one arch disappears early in the process. Signup and view all the answers

When thinking about blood flow in vitelline veins, where do they travel to when passing through the septum?

They are passing through the septum in a sinusoidal format. Signup and view all the answers

The portal and vitelline veins anastomose and give rise blood flow, what tributaries does that blood flow affect?

The portal and vitelline veins affect flow of the portal vein, splenic vein and superior messenteric veins. Signup and view all the answers

What parts of the upper or lower blood structures does the cranial and caudal affect?

The caudal part affects the right supracardinal, and caudal part affects the left. Signup and view all the answers

What type of embryonic vein does the right cardinal associate?

The subcardinal vein connects most notably to the IVC. Signup and view all the answers

List the vessels in order by the arterial path in the arches.

aortic sac->aortic arches->dorsal aorta. Signup and view all the answers

What structures are being bypassed in blood flow during fetal circulation?

The organs and the lungs are being bypassed during fetal circulation due to a different blood supply network that is present. Signup and view all the answers

What side venous flow would result in IVC?

Right side blood venous flow. Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Bulbar septum

Divides conus arteriosus into two channels: conus arteriosus and aortic vestibule.

Conus arteriosus

Lies ventrally and to the right; forms the infundibulum of pulmonary trunk.