Podcast
Questions and Answers
Socrates believed that an ______ life is not worth living.
Socrates believed that an ______ life is not worth living.
unexamined
Socrates' method of questioning is likened to ______ midwifery.
Socrates' method of questioning is likened to ______ midwifery.
intellectual
Plato's theory of ______ posits that the physical world is not the real world.
Plato's theory of ______ posits that the physical world is not the real world.
Forms
Aristotle believed that the soul is the ______ of the self.
Aristotle believed that the soul is the ______ of the self.
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Plato's Allegory of the ______ is a metaphor for our journey to self-understanding.
Plato's Allegory of the ______ is a metaphor for our journey to self-understanding.
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Socrates believed that the soul strives for ______ and perfection.
Socrates believed that the soul strives for ______ and perfection.
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Plato divided the soul into three parts: Appetitive, Spirited, and ______.
Plato divided the soul into three parts: Appetitive, Spirited, and ______.
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Socrates believed that a person can have a meaningful and happy life if he becomes ______ and knows the value of himself.
Socrates believed that a person can have a meaningful and happy life if he becomes ______ and knows the value of himself.
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Aristotle believes that the soul is the ______ of a person.
Aristotle believes that the soul is the ______ of a person.
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St. Augustine's concept of ______ sin suggests that humans are inherently flawed and driven by selfish desires.
St. Augustine's concept of ______ sin suggests that humans are inherently flawed and driven by selfish desires.
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Aristotle's concept of the ______ structure of the soul includes the vegetative, sentient, and rational faculties.
Aristotle's concept of the ______ structure of the soul includes the vegetative, sentient, and rational faculties.
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St. Augustine believes that ______ illumination is necessary for humans to attain truth.
St. Augustine believes that ______ illumination is necessary for humans to attain truth.
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According to St. Thomas Aquinas, man can achieve its end and the fulfillment of ______ through his own effort and the help of God.
According to St. Thomas Aquinas, man can achieve its end and the fulfillment of ______ through his own effort and the help of God.
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Aristotle's concept of ______ nature suggests that individual beings have a specific essence that defines what they are.
Aristotle's concept of ______ nature suggests that individual beings have a specific essence that defines what they are.
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Rene Descartes was known as the father of ______ philosophy.
Rene Descartes was known as the father of ______ philosophy.
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Rene Descartes' famous line 'Cogito ergo sum' means '______ therefore I am'.
Rene Descartes' famous line 'Cogito ergo sum' means '______ therefore I am'.
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St. Thomas Aquinas agrees with Aristotle's perspective on the ______ composition of human beings, comprising matter and form.
St. Thomas Aquinas agrees with Aristotle's perspective on the ______ composition of human beings, comprising matter and form.
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Aristotle's concept of ______ is the pursuit of perfect happiness and flourishing through virtuous life and wisdom.
Aristotle's concept of ______ is the pursuit of perfect happiness and flourishing through virtuous life and wisdom.
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According to John Locke, the self is originally a ______ slate.
According to John Locke, the self is originally a ______ slate.
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St. Augustine believes that self-knowledge comes from knowing ______, and that self-introspection is a consequence of knowing God.
St. Augustine believes that self-knowledge comes from knowing ______, and that self-introspection is a consequence of knowing God.
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John Locke believed that the self persists through time as long as there is continuity of ______ and memory.
John Locke believed that the self persists through time as long as there is continuity of ______ and memory.
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According to David Hume, the self is simply a ______ of different perceptions.
According to David Hume, the self is simply a ______ of different perceptions.
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St. Thomas Aquinas believed that faith and reason are not ______ but rather complementary.
St. Thomas Aquinas believed that faith and reason are not ______ but rather complementary.
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According to St. Thomas Aquinas, 'Philosophia ancilla theologiae' means that ______ is the handmaid of theology.
According to St. Thomas Aquinas, 'Philosophia ancilla theologiae' means that ______ is the handmaid of theology.
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Study Notes
Aristotle
- The soul is the essence of a person and makes them who they are.
- The rational nature of the self is to lead a good, flourishing, and fulfilling life.
- Aristotle believed that individual beings have a specific nature or essence that defines what they are.
- The soul has three faculties: vegetative (growth and nourishment), sentient (perception and desire), and rational (thinking and understanding).
- He believed that humans can achieve eudaimonia (perfect happiness) or flourishing through virtuous life and wisdom.
St. Augustine
- The soul is united with the body to make a person entire and complete.
- Humans are the imago dei (image and likeness of God) and are geared towards the good.
- Human nature is inherently flawed and driven by selfish desires (original sin), but is also capable of reason and the pursuit of higher virtues.
- Self-knowledge is only possible through knowing God (divine illumination).
- Knowledge can only come by seeing the truth that dwells within us.
St. Thomas Aquinas
- Agrees with Aristotle's perspective that humans consist of matter (hyle) and form (morphe).
- The "self" is dependent on experience of the world around him/her.
- Labels applied to oneself are taken from what one feels or thinks towards other things.
- Ignorance results from a lack of experience.
- Philosophy and theology are not contradictory but complementary (philosophia ancilla theologiae).
Socrates
- The soul makes the person who they are and is their essence.
- He believed in the dualistic nature of humans, composed of body and soul.
- The body is imperfect and impermanent, while the soul is perfect and permanent.
- The soul strives for wisdom and perfection, and reason is the soul's tool to achieve an exalted state of life.
- A person can have a meaningful and happy life if they become virtuous and know the value of themselves through constant soul-searching.
Plato
- Philosophy is the process of self-knowledge and purification of the soul.
- He believed in the existence of the mind and the soul, which are in perfection with God.
- The physical world is not the real world; ultimate reality exists beyond our physical environment (theory of Forms).
- The allegory of the cave represents our journey to self-understanding, where the cave symbolizes the deceptive world of appearance, and outside symbolizes knowledge and truth.
- The tripartite structure of the soul includes appetitive, spirited, and rational aspects.
Rene Descartes
- He is known as the father of modern philosophy (rationalism).
- The act of thinking about oneself is proof that there is a self (indubitable truth): Cogito ergo sum.
- He followed the idea of dualism, where man lives in the mind (cogito | non-material substance) and the world as a mechanical entity (extenza | the extension of the body).
John Locke
- His conception of the self was rooted in empiricism, where knowledge is gained from sensory experience.
- The self was originally a tabula rasa (blank slate) and understanding oneself involves examining sensory impressions and reflections on those experiences.
- The self is not tied to the substance of the body nor the soul but to consciousness, and persists through time as long as there is continuity of consciousness and memory.
David Hume
- He follows the empiricist understanding of the self, where self is simply a bundle or collection of different perceptions that succeed each other rapidly.
- The idea of personal identity is a result of imagination, and there is no self.
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Description
Aristotle's views on the soul as the essence of a person, and its role in leading a good life. The soul's faculties include vegetative, sentient, and rational.
