Aristotle and Malpighi's Study on Chicken Embryos
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Questions and Answers

Which type of eggs have yolk that is localized to one half of the egg, known as the vegetal hemisphere?

  • Telolecithal eggs
  • Centrolecithal eggs
  • Mesolecithal eggs (correct)
  • Isolecithal eggs
  • Which class of eggs has yolk concentrated in the centre with a peripheral layer of yolk free periplasm?

  • Telolecithal eggs
  • Centrolecithal eggs (correct)
  • Isolecithal eggs
  • Mesolecithal eggs
  • Which type of eggs have even distribution of little yolk throughout the cytoplasm?

  • Centrolecithal eggs
  • Mesolecithal eggs
  • Telolecithal eggs
  • Isolecithal eggs (correct)
  • Which type of eggs are described as having moderate to large amounts of yolk that fill the cytoplasm except for a small area near the animal pole?

    <p>Telolecithal eggs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are most amphibian eggs, such as Xenopus laevis, classified in terms of yolk distribution?

    <p>Mesolecithal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of eggs belongs to animals like zebrafish and chick?

    <p>Telolecithal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the reason chicken eggs were chosen for the first microscopic study of embryonic development according to the text?

    <p>Large size and accessibility at most developmental stages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which animal model was used for more than 50 years before the South African clawed frog Xenopus laevis became prominent according to the text?

    <p>Multiple species of salamander</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes the South African clawed frog Xenopus laevis an attractive model for developmental studies?

    <p>Ability to be induced to lay eggs all year by injecting human pregnancy hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are chicken eggs considered excellent for micromanipulation studies according to the text?

    <p>Large size and embryo accessibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significance does the chick genome sequencing have according to the text?

    <p>Shows significant similarity with mammalian genomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a unique advantage of using chicken eggs for propagating viruses, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Eggs are large and easy to obtain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did Marcello Malpighi choose chicken embryos for the first microscopic study of embryonic development?

    <p>'The large size of chicken embryos allowed better observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Sir John Gurdon use Xenopus laevis for in his pioneering studies?

    <p>Single cell nuclear transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is Xenopus tropicalis preferred over Xenopus laevis for genetic studies?

    <p>Shorter life cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant similarity do the genomes of Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis share with mammals?

    <p>Protein coding sequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why was Zebrafish (Danio rerio) chosen as a model organism for large scale genetic screens?

    <p>Large scale genetic screens capabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Nobel laureate initiated a systematic attempt to identify all the genes involved in zebrafish development?

    <p>Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one factor that makes Xenopus laevis unsuitable for classical genetics?

    <p>Long life cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species has largely tetraploid genome among Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis?

    <p>Xenopus laevis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Sir John Gurdon's studies on mature cells reprogramming lead to?

    <p>Discovery of animal cloning techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the zona pellucida in preventing fertilization by sperm of different species?

    <p>Serve as a barrier that only allows species-specific sperm to bind.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What protein is the sperm receptor of the mouse egg?

    <p>ZP3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event induces the acrosome reaction in sperm?

    <p>Release of enzymes from the acrosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the cortical reaction in fertilization?

    <p>To modify the sperm receptor ZP3 so sperm can no longer bind or penetrate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for the mammalian egg to prevent polyspermy?

    <p>It prevents faulty segregation of chromosomes during mitosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is released during the cortical reaction that helps prevent polyspermy?

    <p>Contents of cortical granules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular event allows sperm to penetrate through the zona pellucida?

    <p>Release of acrosomal enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would happen if polyspermy occurs during fertilization in mammals?

    <p>Faulty segregation of chromosomes during mitosis would occur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of Chorionic Gonadotrophin as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Serve as a pregnancy test inducing egg laying in Xenopus leavis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of nurse cells in relation to oocytes?

    <p>Retain connections with oocytes to transport RNA and protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do ostrich eggs differ from human eggs?

    <p>Ostrich eggs contain yolk proteins while human eggs do not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the number of oocytes in the fetal ovary from the fetal stage to puberty in humans?

    <p>Decreases from 6 million to about 40,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of vitellogenin genes detected in the human genome?

    <p>They are mutagenised pseudogenes with unknown function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism was introduced into UK laboratories in the 1930’s and used as a pregnancy test?

    <p>Xenopus leavis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of synthesis for yolk proteins in vertebrates?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are some insect sperm longer than the egg itself?

    <p>To compensate for the smaller volume compared to egg size</p> Signup and view all the answers

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