Aristotle and Malpighi's Study on Chicken Embryos

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Questions and Answers

Which type of eggs have yolk that is localized to one half of the egg, known as the vegetal hemisphere?

  • Telolecithal eggs
  • Centrolecithal eggs
  • Mesolecithal eggs (correct)
  • Isolecithal eggs

Which class of eggs has yolk concentrated in the centre with a peripheral layer of yolk free periplasm?

  • Telolecithal eggs
  • Centrolecithal eggs (correct)
  • Isolecithal eggs
  • Mesolecithal eggs

Which type of eggs have even distribution of little yolk throughout the cytoplasm?

  • Centrolecithal eggs
  • Mesolecithal eggs
  • Telolecithal eggs
  • Isolecithal eggs (correct)

Which type of eggs are described as having moderate to large amounts of yolk that fill the cytoplasm except for a small area near the animal pole?

<p>Telolecithal eggs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are most amphibian eggs, such as Xenopus laevis, classified in terms of yolk distribution?

<p>Mesolecithal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of eggs belongs to animals like zebrafish and chick?

<p>Telolecithal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the reason chicken eggs were chosen for the first microscopic study of embryonic development according to the text?

<p>Large size and accessibility at most developmental stages (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which animal model was used for more than 50 years before the South African clawed frog Xenopus laevis became prominent according to the text?

<p>Multiple species of salamander (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes the South African clawed frog Xenopus laevis an attractive model for developmental studies?

<p>Ability to be induced to lay eggs all year by injecting human pregnancy hormone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are chicken eggs considered excellent for micromanipulation studies according to the text?

<p>Large size and embryo accessibility (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significance does the chick genome sequencing have according to the text?

<p>Shows significant similarity with mammalian genomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a unique advantage of using chicken eggs for propagating viruses, as mentioned in the text?

<p>Eggs are large and easy to obtain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did Marcello Malpighi choose chicken embryos for the first microscopic study of embryonic development?

<p>'The large size of chicken embryos allowed better observation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Sir John Gurdon use Xenopus laevis for in his pioneering studies?

<p>Single cell nuclear transfer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is Xenopus tropicalis preferred over Xenopus laevis for genetic studies?

<p>Shorter life cycle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant similarity do the genomes of Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis share with mammals?

<p>Protein coding sequences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why was Zebrafish (Danio rerio) chosen as a model organism for large scale genetic screens?

<p>Large scale genetic screens capabilities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Nobel laureate initiated a systematic attempt to identify all the genes involved in zebrafish development?

<p>Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one factor that makes Xenopus laevis unsuitable for classical genetics?

<p>Long life cycle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which species has largely tetraploid genome among Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis?

<p>Xenopus laevis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Sir John Gurdon's studies on mature cells reprogramming lead to?

<p>Discovery of animal cloning techniques (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the zona pellucida in preventing fertilization by sperm of different species?

<p>Serve as a barrier that only allows species-specific sperm to bind. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What protein is the sperm receptor of the mouse egg?

<p>ZP3 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event induces the acrosome reaction in sperm?

<p>Release of enzymes from the acrosome. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the cortical reaction in fertilization?

<p>To modify the sperm receptor ZP3 so sperm can no longer bind or penetrate. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for the mammalian egg to prevent polyspermy?

<p>It prevents faulty segregation of chromosomes during mitosis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is released during the cortical reaction that helps prevent polyspermy?

<p>Contents of cortical granules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular event allows sperm to penetrate through the zona pellucida?

<p>Release of acrosomal enzymes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would happen if polyspermy occurs during fertilization in mammals?

<p>Faulty segregation of chromosomes during mitosis would occur. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of Chorionic Gonadotrophin as mentioned in the text?

<p>Serve as a pregnancy test inducing egg laying in Xenopus leavis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of nurse cells in relation to oocytes?

<p>Retain connections with oocytes to transport RNA and protein (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do ostrich eggs differ from human eggs?

<p>Ostrich eggs contain yolk proteins while human eggs do not (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the number of oocytes in the fetal ovary from the fetal stage to puberty in humans?

<p>Decreases from 6 million to about 40,000 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of vitellogenin genes detected in the human genome?

<p>They are mutagenised pseudogenes with unknown function (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organism was introduced into UK laboratories in the 1930’s and used as a pregnancy test?

<p>Xenopus leavis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of synthesis for yolk proteins in vertebrates?

<p>Liver (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are some insect sperm longer than the egg itself?

<p>To compensate for the smaller volume compared to egg size (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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