Arduino Programming Basics

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of the Central Processing Unit (CPU) in a microcontroller?

Interfacing with external devices

Storing data permanently

Producing audio signals

Fetching, decoding, and executing instructions (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a part of the microcontroller organization diagram?

Peripheral Devices (correct)

Memory

ADC

CPU

Which of these microcontroller word lengths is available today?

512-bit

1024-bit

256-bit

128-bit (correct)

Which type of memory is referred to as firmware?

Read Only Memory (ROM) Signup and view all the answers

In which category would a washing machine typically fit regarding microcontroller applications?

Consumer Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of I/O ports in a microcontroller?

Communicate with external resources Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following applications is associated with the medical use of microcontrollers?

Cardiac Monitors Signup and view all the answers

Which part of a microcontroller is responsible for interfacing and implementation of desired functionalities?

I/O Ports Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the AVR CPU?

Instruction Fetch and Decode Signup and view all the answers

Which register is used for indirect addressing in AVR architecture?

X, Y, and Z Registers Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT associated with AVR architecture?

Summation Logic Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory is used for long-term data storage in AVR?

EEPROM Signup and view all the answers

What does the Program Status Register (PSR) manage?

Status Bits and Flags Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect best characterizes a microcontroller in comparison to a microprocessor?

Contains Embedded RAM and ROM Signup and view all the answers

In AVR architecture, what does the Stack Pointer Register specifically manage?

Addressing Data Space Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the characteristics of Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)?

Describes Binary Codes and OP Codes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following refers to a type of memory that retains data without power?

Read Only Memory (ROM) Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of the Analog to Digital Converter (ADC)?

Convert analog signals to digital format Signup and view all the answers

Which component is primarily used to provide timing and counting functions in a microcontroller?

Timers/Counters Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Digital to Analog Converter (DAC)?

Converts digital signals into analog format Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Parallel I/O (PIO)?

It interfaces with devices such as relays and sensors. Signup and view all the answers

Which component is known to automatically reset the microcontroller system?

Watch Dog Timer Signup and view all the answers

What type of signals do interrupt inputs primarily respond to?

Both external and internal signals Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common example of a serial interface used in microcontrollers?

Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using microcontrollers?

Requires expensive development tools Signup and view all the answers

What was significant about the microcontroller TMS1802NC introduced by Gary Boone?

It was the first single-chip microcontroller Signup and view all the answers

Which microcontroller could access up to 64 kbytes of external RAM?

Z8 Microcontroller Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the Harvard architecture is false?

It has a unified bus for memory access Signup and view all the answers

In the typical computer block diagram, which of the following components is responsible for managing the data transfer?

Data Bus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly describes the MC6801 microcontroller?

It included a timer and its instruction set was similar to MC6800 Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential feature of the R6500 microcontroller that adds to its reliability?

It includes a separate power supply for internal RAM Signup and view all the answers

Which component is typically found at the top of the extended memory hierarchy?

CPU Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a Programmable Peripheral Interface (PPI)?

To connect external devices to the CPU Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic describes the data bus in relation to the Programmable Peripheral Interface?

It is 8-bit and bi-directional Signup and view all the answers

Which port is associated with the internal data bus in the PPI structure?

Port B Signup and view all the answers

In which context is it suggested to use a microprocessor like the Jetson Nano?

For its efficiency in detection applications Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable feature of the Programmable Peripheral Interface in regards to microprocessor compatibility?

It is compatible with almost any type of microprocessor Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) in a microprocessor?

To perform mathematical and logical operations Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following registers holds the address of the instruction currently being executed?

Memory Address Register Signup and view all the answers

In what year did Intel release the improved 8-bit microprocessor known as 8085?

1976 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a major part of the microprocessor?

Network Interface Signup and view all the answers

What role does the Control Logic play in a microprocessor?

It keeps track of the next instruction to be executed Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components stores intermediate answers during program execution?

Accumulator Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the purpose of the General Purpose Register?

It stores data temporarily and is user-defined Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following microprocessors was widely utilized in various computers, leading to a decline in Intel's dominance?

Z80 Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Arduino

An open-source electronic platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software.
Can interface with many extended modules of different functionality.
Functions include reading input, processing data, and producing output.
Coding structure includes global declarations, setup (runs once), and loop (runs continuously).

Arduino Coding Structure

Global: Includes important variables, constants, and imported libraries.
Setup: Initializes pins and sensors, runs only once.
Loop: Runs continuously, reading sensors and controlling pins (HIGH or LOW).

Arduino Rules and Building Blocks

Every line of code must end with a semicolon (except for conditional statements, loops, function definitions, or imported libraries).
Comments begin with '//'.
Comments are ignored by the program; they explain the code.

Arduino Constants and Variables

Variables: Store different data types and change their value via mathematical operations.
Constants: Cannot change their value after being assigned. A constant is assigned like this: "constant int x".

Arduino Output Programming

Individual Pin Addressing: Uses pinMode(pinNo, INPUT/OUTPUT).
Port Addressing: Uses DDRx (Data Direction Register) to set pin values. Input pins have a value of 0, and output pins have a value of 1. Example DDRB = B00010101; sets pins 1,3,5, and 7 as inputs and others outputs.

Digital Output and Delay

Syntax: digitalWrite(pin, value) (pin number, HIGH or LOW).
Parameters: Pin number and value (HIGH or LOW).

Port Addressing

Syntax: PORTD = B00000000; sets Port D to all lows (0s).
Parameters: PORTD (the variable) and B00000000 (the pin value/bits).

ATmega328

An AVR CPU, using Harvard architecture.
Has flash memory, EEPROM, SRAM.
EEPROM for long-term storage.
SRAM for temporary data, stack, etc.
AVR CPU: Instruction fetch and decode function

AVR Register File

Has 32 8-bit general-purpose registers.
Part of the SRAM memory space.
Includes X, Y, and Z registers (16-bit registers).

AVR Memory

Program Memory (Flash): Read-only, 32K, 15 bit address, non-volatile.
Data Memory (SRAM): Temporary values, stack, and variables, volatile, limited space.
EEPROM: Non-volatile storage for long-term data.

Stack Pointer Register

A special register in I/O space ([3E, 3D]).
Enough bits to address the data space.
Initialized to RAMEND.

Program Status Register (PSR)

Status bits set by instructions, used by branch/skip instructions.
Symbols such as I (Global Interrupt Enable), T (Flag Bit), H (Half-Carry).

AVR Architecture

Has three timers.
Flexible in choosing clock rate, roll-over value, interrupt generation, and PWM signal generation.

Arduino Timing Functions

delay(ms): Waits for milliseconds.
delayMicroseconds(us): Waits for microseconds.
millis(): Returns milliseconds since program started.
micros(): Returns microseconds since start.

Arduino Digital and Analog I/O

Digital Pins: Pins 0-7 (Port D), 8-13 (Port B), 14-19 (Port C—analog).
Digital Pin Functions: pinMode(pin, mode), digitalWrite(pin, value), digitalRead(pin).
Analog Input Pins: 0-5.
Analog Output Pins: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11 (digital pins).
Analog Input Function: analogRead(pin) converts voltage to a 10-bit number (0-1023).

Arduino Analog I/O Functions

analogReference(type): Modifies analog voltage conversion.
analogWrite(pin, value): Generates PWM output on specified digital pins. Values are 0-255; frequency is 490Hz.

Port Special Functions

Clock connection, timer connection, interrupts, analog references, and serial bus I/Os such as USART, PCI.

Arduino C Programs

C programs for Arduino are called "sketches."
Structure: Header (declarations), setup(), and loop().
setup(): Runs once.
loop(): Runs repeatedly.

Arduino Serial I/O

Communication with a PC via USB serial line.
Use the Serial Monitor in the Arduino IDE for communication.
Library calls: Serial.begin(baud-rate), Serial.println(string), Serial.read().

Microcontrollers pt. 2

Instruction Set Architecture (ISA): Defines commands for a computer architecture.
Two types: CISC, and RISC.
Microcontrollers: Combine CPU, RAM, ROM, and peripherals on a single chip. Cost-effective, easily replaceable.
Microprocessors: Contain only CPU.
Historical development of microcontrollers (TMS1802NC, Intel 8048/49, Zilog Z8).

Microcontrollers pt. 1

Definition: A single chip microcomputer, also known as Embedded Controller.
Parts: CPU, ROM (program memory), RAM (data memory), I/O ports, peripherals.
Applications: Consumer, Communications, Automotive, Military, Industrial, Medical.

Programmable Peripheral Interface (PPI)

A general-purpose I/O device to connect a CPU with external devices like ADC, DAC, keyboards.
Compatible with many microprocessors.

Studying That Suits You

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Description

Explore the fundamentals of Arduino programming, including the coding structure and essential rules. This quiz covers global declarations, setup and loop functions, as well as the use of variables and constants. Test your knowledge of the concepts that form the foundation of Arduino projects.