Questions and Answers
What is architecture primarily concerned with?
Aesthetics, functionality, and safety
Which architectural style is characterized by heavy walls, rounded arches, and barrel vaults?
Romanesque
Who is credited with designing the Parthenon?
Ictinus
What is a characteristic element of Islamic architecture?
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Which modern architectural movement is associated with organic, flowing lines and forms?
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Who designed the United Nations Headquarters?
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Study Notes
Architecture
Definition
Architecture is the art and science of designing and building structures, taking into account aesthetics, functionality, and safety.
Historical Periods
Ancient
- Egyptian: Pyramids, temples, and tombs
- Greek: Columns, pediments, and friezes (e.g., Parthenon)
- Roman: Arches, domes, and aqueducts
Medieval
- Romanesque: Heavy walls, rounded arches, and barrel vaults
- Gothic: Pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses
Renaissance to Modern
- Renaissance: Revival of classical styles
- Baroque: Ornate, dramatic, and dynamic
- Modern: Functional, minimalist, and experimental
Architectural Styles
Classical
- Orders: Doric, Ionic, Corinthian
- Elements: Columns, capitals, entablatures
Islamic
- Arches, domes, and minarets
- Ornate decorations and geometric patterns
Modern Movements
- Art Nouveau: Organic, flowing lines and forms
- De Stijl: Geometric, abstract, and minimalist
- Brutalism: Exposed concrete, fortress-like structures
Famous Architects
- Ancient: Ictinus (Parthenon), Vitruvius (Roman architect and engineer)
- Renaissance: Michelangelo (St. Peter's Basilica), Andrea Palladio (Villa Rotonda)
- Modern: Frank Lloyd Wright (Guggenheim Museum), Le Corbusier (United Nations Headquarters)
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