History of Islamic Architecture and Decorations
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History of Islamic Architecture and Decorations

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Questions and Answers

What is the Taj Mahal primarily constructed with?

  • Red sandstone
  • White marble (correct)
  • Basalt
  • Granite

    • Which Islamic monument is believed to be the place from which the Prophet Muhammad ascended into heaven?

  • Dome of the Rock (correct)
  • The Great Mosque of Cordoba
  • Alhambra
  • Ka'aba

    • Which description best fits the Great Mosque, Iraq?

  • It has a richly decorated and elaborate palace and fortress.
  • It has a prayer hall comprised of double arcades.
  • It has a raised platform surrounded by four minarets.
  • It has a cone-shaped minaret encircled by an outer ramp in the form of a spiral. (correct)

    • Which structure is known for its horseshoe-formed lower arches with white stone and red brick voussoirs?

    <p>Great Mosque of Cordoba</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who built the Taj Mahal?

    <p>Emperor Shah Jahan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the Ka'aba located?

    <p>Mecca, Saudi Arabia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which city is considered the center of the Islamic world?

    <p>Mecca</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where did early Chinese settlements form?

    <p>Beside the Yellow, Wei, and Yangzi Rivers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which philosophical belief emphasizes individualism and transcendence through direct connection with the natural world?

    <p>Taoism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the decoration characteristics of Taoist architecture?

    <p>Reflects the pursuit of luck, fulfillment, and longevity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following elements is NOT associated with Confucianism in architecture?

    <p>Resort to nature topography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically represented by the dragon in Confucian architecture?

    <p>Emperor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What architectural element can be found only in the most magnificent buildings such as palace and temple halls?

    <p>Dougong bracket</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How were the yellow tiles used in ancient Chinese architecture?

    <p>Exclusively for the emperor's buildings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a decorative symbol in Confucian architecture?

    <p>Tiger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What shape is the central deepest part of the Zaojing or caisson ceiling?

    <p>Round</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a pagoda?

    <p>To preserve Buddhist relics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of a pagoda often enshrines a statue of Buddha?

    <p>Body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What architectural structure is a Pai-lou?

    <p>A memorial archway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which material is typically used to construct a Pai-lou?

    <p>Stone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a pavilion primarily used for?

    <p>Observation of the surrounding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the pagoda resembles the original image of the stupa from India?

    <p>Top</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which social class was considered the highest in the River in the south society?

    <p>scholar-gentry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which period did the Shang Dynasty exist?

    <p>Shang Dynasty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Qin Shi Huangdi known for in the Qin Dynasty?

    <p>Unifying China with strict laws</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which material is jade a symbol of in Chinese culture?

    <p>vitality and authority</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes Blue and white wares in porcelain?

    <p>Painted using cobalt oxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is notable about the Tang Dynasty?

    <p>Golden Age of Chinese Arts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dynasty is associated with the spread of Buddhism in China?

    <p>Han Dynasty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main components of traditional Chinese architecture?

    <p>Podium, main body, and pitch roof</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Chinese architectural landmark served as a home for 24 emperors for nearly 500 years?

    <p>The Forbidden City</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which landmark was built as a residence for the Dalai Lama and rises 200 meters against a hillside?

    <p>Potala Palace</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which year was Japan closed to outside world due to isolation from foreign influence?

    <p>1800 AD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary religion practiced in Japan?

    <p>Shinto</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Japanese island is the principal one?

    <p>Honshu</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What material primarily constitutes the hilly and forested geography of Japan?

    <p>Granite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of Japanese painting is based on geometric forms rather than the fluid forms of China?

    <p>Yamato</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Chinese architectural landmark served as a means of communication?

    <p>The Great Wall of China</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of decoration involves the use of glass pieces assembled into a pattern?

    <p>Glass mosaic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the tower from which the call to prayer is made in a mosque?

    <p>Minaret</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature of a mosque indicates the direction towards Mecca?

    <p>Qibla wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of a mosque houses the praying niche?

    <p>Mihrab</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the raised platform used for ceremonial announcements in a mosque?

    <p>Minbar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What fundamental feature of a mosque is often cloistered or arcaded?

    <p>Sahn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of a Madrasah in Islamic architecture?

    <p>Theological school</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which architectural landmark is located in Jerusalem?

    <p>The Dome of the Rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Makimono painting executed on?

    <p>Horizontal silk rolls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medium features heavily in the Ukiyo-e genre?

    <p>Woodblock prints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What demand did the new craze for tea ceremony create?

    <p>Pottery vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pattern is characterized by strong floral and brocade designs in heavily saturated colors?

    <p>Imari pattern</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What tool is used in the tea ceremony to whisk the tea?

    <p>Chasen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is characterized by a decorative curved, single-edged blade with a circular or squared guard?

    <p>Katana</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the art form involving cultivating miniature trees called?

    <p>Bonsai</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Japanese art of folding paper?

    <p>Origami</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following features is NOT characteristic of Japanese architecture?

    <p>Heavy, solid structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a Torii Gateway in a Shinto shrine?

    <p>To serve as a gateway along the approach path</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is found in front of the honden in a Shinto shrine?

    <p>Haiden</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Japanese Buddhist temples, where are sacred texts read?

    <p>Kodo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary feature of the Ise Shrine?

    <p>Golden Hall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of a Shinto temple?

    <p>For the enshrinement and worship of a kami</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a part of Japanese Buddhist architecture?

    <p>Honden</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Shintoism aim to achieve with purification, prayers, and offerings?

    <p>To keep away evil spirits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which architectural feature is found in a Japanese Buddhist temple?

    <p>Principal hall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the traditional Japanese tea house called?

    <p>Cha-shitsu</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which landmark enshrines the sun goddess Amaterasu Omikami?

    <p>Ise Shrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is known for having 6 storeys and curving eaves?

    <p>Himeji Castle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which period saw the advent of the first public baths in Japan?

    <p>Nara Period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Ilocano native term for large earthenware vessels?

    <p>Burnay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the Manunggul jar used for?

    <p>Funerary purposes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Vigan tile associated with?

    <p>Spanish Colonial houses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is T'nalak cloth woven from?

    <p>Abacá fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which weaving technique is characterized by a resist dyeing process used on either the warp or weft before weaving?

    <p>Ikat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the design of Binacol weaving represent?

    <p>Waves of the sea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a prominent characteristic of Ifugao Ikat weaving?

    <p>Diamond stripes of white and red</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which region is PIS SIYABIT typically used, and by whom?

    <p>Sulu Archipelago, by Tausug men</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Inaul fabric associated with?

    <p>Technicolour geometric weaves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Inabel/Abel Iloco weaving technique?

    <p>Floral designs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What weaving tradition is known for its psychedelic optical art designs?

    <p>Binacol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    History of Art and Architecture

    Vaulting

    • Decorations in vaulting: moldings, friezes, carvings, stone inlay, mosaic, patterned brickwork, carved stucco, ceramic facing, glass mosaic, painting, timber inlay, Arabesques, and decorative bonding for brickwork.

    Types of Architecture

    • Mosque/Masjid: a place for worship, with a inward-looking building, no positive object of attention, and a cloistered or arcaded courtyard.
    • House with courtyard: a residential building with a central courtyard.
    • Fortress: a fortified building for defense.
    • Madrasah: a theological school, arranged around a courtyard.

    Parts of a Mosque

    • Sahn: courtyard of a mosque.
    • Haram: covered area in front of the qibla wall.
    • Mihrab: niche oriented towards Mecca, indicating the direction of prayer.
    • Dikka: a tribune raised upon columns from which the Koran is recited.
    • Maqsura: an enclosure in a mosque, made of an openwork screen.
    • Minbar: a raised platform for ceremonial announcements.
    • Iwan: an open-fronted vault facing a court.
    • Minaret: a tower from which a call to prayer is made.
    • Qibla wall: axis oriented towards Mecca.
    • Bab: a gateway.
    • Musalla: the central area for prayer.

    Architectural Landmarks

    • Taj Mahal, India: a white marble tomb with a multi-patterned ceramic exterior.
    • Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem: a historic Islamic monument.
    • Great Mosque of Cordoba, Spain: a mosque with a prayer hall featuring double arcades.
    • Great Mosque, Iraq: a mosque with a cone-shaped minaret.
    • Alhambra, Spain: a palace and fortress.

    Chinese Art

    Historical Background

    • Early settlements in the Yellow River, Wei River, and Yangzi River.
    • Four main social classes: scholar-gentry, peasants, artisans, and merchants.

    Periods

    • Neolithic (6000-1700 BC)
    • Eritou period (2000-1600 BC)
    • Shang Dynasty (1650-1050 BC)
    • Zhou Dynasty (1050-221 BC)
    • Qin Dynasty (221 BC-AD 207)
    • Han Dynasty (206 BC-AD 220)
    • Kingdoms (265-420)
    • Northern dynasties (386-581)
    • Southern Dynasties (420-589)
    • Sui Dynasty (581-618)
    • Tang Dynasty (618-908)

    Shang Dynasty

    • Known for bronze casting.
    • Royal family lived in a walled palace.

    Qin Dynasty

    • Unified China by implementing strict laws, taxing everyone, and introducing a standard script.
    • Ordered the burning of scholarly books.

    Han Dynasty

    • Founded by Lui Bang.
    • Controlled the Silk Road, and Buddhism started to spread.
    • Extended ancient Chinese boundaries.

    Tang Dynasty

    • Golden Age of Chinese Arts.

    Architecture

    Types of Chinese Art

    • Porcelain: a ceramic material made by heating raw materials.
    • Blue and white wares: glazed using a transparent porcelain glaze.
    • Blanc de Chine: a type of white porcelain.
    • Polychrome Colored porcelain: a type of porcelain with multiple colors.
    • Jade ware: a symbol of vitality and authority.
    • Calligraphy: Chinese writing done on silk and paper.
    • Paintings: made on paper and silk, usually in long scroll forms.

    Principles in Chinese Architecture

    • Taoism: emphasizes individualism and transcendence.
    • Confucianism: emphasizes strict adherence to social conventions and rituals.
    • Buddhism: a path of practice and spiritual development.

    Taoism in Art and Architecture

    • Decoration reflects Taoist pursuit of luck and fulfillment.
    • Use of natural topography to build towers, pavilions, and gardens.

    Confucianism in Art and Architecture

    • Yin-Yang: balance and symmetry.
    • Feng shui: traditional concepts of five elements.
    • Number nine: especially applied in imperial architecture.
    • Concentric or symmetrical shapes.
    • Significance of colors: yellow, green, red, and phoenix.

    Architectural Elements

    • Dougong bracket: a structural member found between the top of a column and across beam.
    • Curved roof: a characteristic of Chinese architecture.
    • Glazed tiles: used exclusively on palace buildings and big mansions.
    • Zaojing or caisson ceiling: a decorative ceiling.

    Presence of garden or landscaping

    • Use of natural topography to build towers, pavilions, and gardens.

    Japanese Art

    Historical Background

    • Chinese influence.
    • Feudalism with castes of emperor, nobles, shoguns, and military.
    • Isolation from foreign influence for 200 years.
    • Religions: Shinto, Buddhism.
    • Geography: Principal island, Honshu; smaller islands at north and south.
    • Prevalence of earthquakes.
    • Hilly and forested country.
    • Un-stratified volcanic stone.

    Types of Japanese Art

    • Paintings: drew direct inspiration from China.
    • Yamato: a national style of painting based on geometric forms.
    • Kakemono: a painting executed on a vertical silk roll.
    • Makimono: a painting executed on a horizontal silk roll.
    • Wood-block prints (Ukiyo-e): a genre of Japanese woodblock prints.
    • Ceramics: created a demand for pottery vessels.

    Japanese Architecture

    • Made of wood.
    • Indigenous religious sensibility.
    • Adaptable to climate and topography.
    • Flexible.
    • Open space.

    Shintoism

    • Shinto: "the way of the gods".
    • Kami: Shinto gods.
    • No founder.
    • Purification, prayers, and offerings to the kami.

    Architectural Forms

    • Shinto Temples (Jinja): the main purpose is for the enshrinement and worship of a kami.
    • Torii Gateways: open gateways, consisting of two pillars and an architrave.
    • Honden: building that contains the body of the goshintai.
    • Haiden: hall of worship of the Shinto shrine.

    Buddhist Temples

    • Complex group of monastic buildings.
    • Pagodas: reliquary.
    • Kodo: lecture hall.
    • Kondo: image hall.

    Filipino Art

    Pre-colonial Period Art

    • Pottery: found in the Tabon Caves of Palawan.
    • Weaving: T'nalak, Ikat, Binacol, Inabel/Abel Iloco, and Inaul.

    Architectural Landmarks

    • Ise Shrine: the oldest Shinto temple in Japan.
    • Himeji Castle: the most impressive of the fortified residences.

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    Explore the various decorations and types of architecture used in Islamic buildings, including mosques, vaulting, and more. Learn about the different techniques and styles used in Islamic art and architecture.

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