Architecture: Pilasters and Buttresses
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Questions and Answers

What type of strength do these mixes lack?

  • Compressive strength
  • Thermal strength
  • Axial strength
  • Tensile or shear strength (correct)

    • What happens to a masonry wall as axial loads are applied and compressive forces increase?

  • It gets stronger (correct)
  • It becomes weaker
  • It stays the same
  • It remains unstable

    • What is a characteristic of concrete?

  • It conducts heat well
  • It wicks away moisture
  • It is a thermal insulator
  • It is a heat sink (correct)

    • What happens to concrete when it is heated?

    <p>It expands and may crack or spall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is spalling in concrete?

    <p>A pocket of crumbled concrete</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a result of spalling in concrete?

    <p>Reduced mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common building material used for walls?

    <p>Concrete masonry units</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is used as a mold for constructing monolithic buildings?

    <p>A wooden slip form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a pilaster in a building?

    <p>To provide structural support to roof beams and trusses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between a pilaster and a buttress?

    <p>A pilaster is a vertical stack, while a buttress is diagonally stacked</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the load-carrying capacity of a beam change when its depth is doubled?

    <p>It quadruples</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the load-carrying capacity of a beam when its depth is tripled?

    <p>It increases ninefold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of columns in a building?

    <p>To transfer loads to the foundations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about the attitude of columns in a building?

    <p>They can be vertical, diagonal, or horizontal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the depth of a beam and its load-carrying capacity?

    <p>The load-carrying capacity is proportional to the square of the depth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of connections in a building?

    <p>To transfer loads between structural elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason cast iron is not used as a structural material in buildings?

    <p>It is a brittle material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of tensioning cables in concrete?

    <p>To compress the concrete to give it required strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using aluminum and titanium in building construction?

    <p>They have excellent strength-to-weight ratios</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to concrete when it is mixed with water?

    <p>It creates a chemical reaction that bonds the mixture to achieve strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common application of precast concrete?

    <p>Tilt-up slabs for walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is titanium not commonly used in building construction?

    <p>It is too expensive to produce</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of concrete that provides strength?

    <p>Portland cement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using precast concrete in building construction?

    <p>It can be used for walls, floors, or roofs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of plywood?

    <p>It is made by layering sheet veneers of wood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common use for plywood?

    <p>Finishing interior walls or cabinets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of using plywood?

    <p>It has a high surface-to-mass ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are some wood products not allowed for interior wall finishing?

    <p>They emit toxic gases under fire conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are wood veneers processed?

    <p>They are milled into veneers and then autoclaved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a drawback of using certain wood products?

    <p>They emit toxic gases under fire conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the layers of wood in plywood arranged?

    <p>At a 90° angle to each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of plywood made from natural woods?

    <p>It is extremely heavy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of OSB in new construction?

    <p>As a structural sheathing to form roof and floor assemblies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary material used in the construction of engineered wooden I-beams?

    <p>Oriented Strand Board (OSB)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of engineered wood products?

    <p>They are made from wood chips, shavings, and recycled wood products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to OSB when it is exposed to direct flame contact?

    <p>It ignites and burns rapidly, emitting toxic gases from adhesives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) and Parallel Strand Lumber (PSL)?

    <p>The orientation of the strands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using Laminated Strand Lumber (LSL) in building construction?

    <p>For structural composite lumber</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of using OSB in construction?

    <p>It is subject to degradation by direct sunlight, moisture, and heat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of Oriented Strand Board (OSB)?

    <p>Wood chips</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a type of engineered wood product that can be made from materials other than wood?

    <p>Cellulosic products from hemp stalks or wheat straw</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common application of engineered wood products?

    <p>Structural sheathing and webbing for I-beams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is used to bond the wood chips or strands in Engineered Wood Products (EWPs)?

    <p>Phenolic resin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) in place of cut lumber?

    <p>Increased strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of using engineered wood products?

    <p>They offer uniform strength and economy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of Oriented Strand Board (OSB) in building construction?

    <p>Sheathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a type of engineered wood product that uses adhesives to lock layers in place?

    <p>OSB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) and Laminated Strand Lumber (LSL)?

    <p>The form of the wood strands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily responsible for creating loads on buildings?

    <p>Gravity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the contact or orientation of a load to a material?

    <p>Load imposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of load is imposed off-center, causing a material to bend?

    <p>Eccentric load</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a load that causes a material to twist?

    <p>Torsion load</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of load is imposed through the center of a material?

    <p>Axial load</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of force is created when a load is imposed on a material, causing it to bend?

    <p>Shear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the loads imposed by firefighters and their equipment on a roof?

    <p>Live load</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the loads imposed by the weight of a roof and its supporting elements?

    <p>Dead load</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for adding alloying agents during the manufacturing process of steel?

    <p>To increase the strength and ductility of the steel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to structural steel when it reaches a temperature of 1,100°F?

    <p>It loses 50% of its strength and begins to elongate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of cast iron?

    <p>It is brittle and has good compressive strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between hot-rolled and cold-rolled steel?

    <p>Hot-rolled steel is formed above the crystallization stage, while cold-rolled steel is formed below</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a steel beam is heated and affixed at both ends?

    <p>It buckles and tries to twist due to expansion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common application of hot-rolled extruded steel?

    <p>I-beams and H-columns in building construction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of pig iron?

    <p>High-carbon iron without alloying agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the molten steel solution during manufacturing?

    <p>It is formed at high temperatures and can be shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why modern lumber trucks often carry smaller logs?

    <p>To accommodate the faster growth rate of new trees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of old-growth trees makes them more desirable for building materials?

    <p>Denser wood with minimal pitch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using wood composites over traditional wood?

    <p>They are more durable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between modern lumber and lumber from the past?

    <p>Modern lumber is harvested from faster-growing trees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of new-growth trees that affects their use in building materials?

    <p>Higher concentration of pitch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why wood is the most predominant building material?

    <p>It is the most versatile option</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using advanced material technologies in building construction?

    <p>They offer improved durability and strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between the way wood was harvested in the past and today?

    <p>Trees were harvested from the heart of the tree in the past</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of adding steel to concrete?

    <p>To improve its tensile and shear strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between low-slump and high-slump concrete?

    <p>Low-slump is stronger and has a lower water-to-cement ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of pre- and post-tensioned concrete?

    <p>To add steel cables to the concrete for reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of monolithic buildings?

    <p>They are built one floor at a time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of spalling in concrete?

    <p>Catastrophic failure of the structural element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using reinforced concrete?

    <p>It has improved tensile and shear strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of adding gravel to concrete?

    <p>To act as a volume and strength expander</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of pure concrete?

    <p>It is brittle and has poor tensile and shear strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of pilasters and buttresses in a building?

    <p>To provide lateral support for roof beams and trusses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the depth of a column and its load-carrying capacity?

    <p>The load-carrying capacity increases proportionally to the depth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a pilaster and a buttress in terms of shape?

    <p>A pilaster is a separate wall, while a buttress is a thickened column</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of connections in a building?

    <p>To connect the different structural components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the attitude of most columns in a building?

    <p>Vertical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of doubling the depth of a beam on its load-carrying capacity?

    <p>It quadruples the load-carrying capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of foundations in a building?

    <p>To transfer loads to the earth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between a building's structural components and its enclosure?

    <p>The structural components are used to transfer loads, while the enclosure provides a barrier against the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Structural Components of a Building

    • A building is comprised of many structural components that combine to form an enclosure for a given purpose.
    • The primary structural elements of a building are foundations, columns, beams, and connections.
    • These elements work together to transfer all loads to the earth.

    Columns

    • Columns can be vertical, diagonal, or horizontal in attitude.
    • A column is compressively loaded, and its strength is proportional to the square of its depth.
    • If the depth of a column is doubled, it can carry four times the load, and if tripled, it can carry nine times the load.

    Pilasters and Buttresses

    • A pilaster is an interior or exterior vertical stack that thickens a wall column, providing lateral support for roof beams and trusses.
    • A buttress is a separate, diagonally-stacked brick, stone, or concrete wall that protrudes perpendicularly from the wall column, supporting the roof.

    Masonry

    • Masonry mixes have little to no tensile or shear strength, relying on compressive forces to give them strength.
    • Masonry walls get stronger as axial loads are applied and compressive forces increase.
    • There is an absolute maximum weight that can be applied before the brittle material fails.

    Concrete

    • Concrete is a heat sink that slowly absorbs and retains heat, rather than conducting it.
    • Concrete contains moisture and continues to absorb and wick moisture as it ages, causing it to crack or spall when heated.
    • Spalling can reduce the critical mass of the concrete, weakening its strength.

    Precast Concrete

    • Precast concrete is a type of concrete that is poured at a factory and then shipped to a job site.
    • It can be used for walls, floors, or roofs.
    • Common applications of precast concrete include tilt-up slabs for walls and twin-T slabs for floors and roofs.

    Metals

    • Cast iron is a brittle material that can fracture when heated in a fire and then exposed to water.
    • Aluminum and titanium are abundant minerals with excellent strength-to-weight ratios, but are not commonly used for the structural bones of a building due to manufacturing costs.
    • Aluminum fails quickly during fires, whereas titanium shows significant resistance to heat.

    Engineered Wood Products (EWP)

    • EWP uses modern methods to transform wood chips, slivers, veneers, shavings, and recycled wood products into components that replace sawn lumber, sheathing, and other composite structural materials.
    • The wood used for EWP is typically derived from new-growth forests and rapid-growth tree farms, although it is possible to manufacture similar engineered cellulosic products from other lignin-containing materials.

    Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL)

    • LVL is made from layering sheet veneers of wood with alternating grain directions (90° with each layer).
    • Layers are glued together to achieve multidirectional and uniform strength.
    • LVL is often used in place of cut lumber.

    Laminated Strand Lumber (LSL)

    • LSL is a structural composite lumber manufactured from flaked and chipped strands of native wood blended with an adhesive.
    • Strands are oriented in a parallel fashion (also known as parallel strand lumber-PSL).
    • PSL is similar to LVL in its use.

    Oriented Strand Board (OSB)

    • OSB is used extensively in new construction as a structural sheathing to form roof and floor assemblies (when glued to trusses) and as the web portion of a wooden I-beam.
    • OSB is subject to degradation by direct sunlight, moisture, and heat.
    • The heat of fire or smoke can cause rapid destruction of OSB, and direct flame contact will cause OSB to ignite and burn rapidly, emitting toxic gases from adhesives.

    Other Wood Products

    • Plywood is made from layering sheet veneers of wood with alternating grain directions (similar to LVL).
    • Decorative wood paneling is not intended to resist loads and is merely decorative, with a high surface-to-mass ratio.
    • Most decorative wood paneling is not allowed by code for interior wall finishing due to rapid flame spread characteristics.

    Load Imposition

    • Loads are imposed on a building through gravity, atmospheric conditions, and human-created forces
    • There are three types of loads: axial, eccentric, and torsion
    • Axial loads are imposed through the center of the material
    • Eccentric loads are imposed off-center, causing a material to bend
    • Torsion loads cause a material to twist

    Loads and Materials

    • Loads can be classified as live, impact, and distributed loads
    • The imposition of loads refers to the contact or orientation of the load to the material(s)
    • Loads can be imposed in three ways: axial, eccentric, and torsion
    • The building industry classifies loads to understand how they affect buildings

    Building Materials

    • The four basic building materials are wood, steel, concrete, and masonry
    • Wood is the most predominant building material of the past, present, and likely the future
    • Steel is made from iron ore, carbon, and an alloy agent
    • Cast iron is a material usually formed from pig iron, which is a high carbon content iron
    • Concrete is a composite material that relies on the ratio of materials, especially the ratio of water to Portland cement

    Concrete and Reinforcement

    • Concrete has excellent compressive strength but poor tensile and shear strength
    • Steel is often added to concrete as reinforcement when the concrete is being used in a way that will subject it to those forces
    • Reinforced concrete is considered a composite material with brittle and ductile properties
    • Pre- and post-tensioned concrete has steel cables placed through the plane of the concrete mass

    Structural Elements

    • The primary structural elements of a building are foundations, columns, beams, and connections
    • These elements work together to transfer all loads to the earth
    • Columns can be vertical, diagonal, or horizontal
    • Pilasters and buttresses can be structural and can be differentiated by shape

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