Archaeology: Ages & Middle Ages History

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Questions and Answers

Christian Jurgensen Thomsen's Three Age System classifies artifacts based on what primary characteristic?

  • The primary material used to create the tools. (correct)
  • The religious significance of the artifacts.
  • The artistic style of the artifacts.
  • The monetary value of the artifacts.

What advancement directly enabled the creation of bronze tools and wares?

  • The domestication of animals for labor.
  • The ability to control and intensify fire for smelting. (correct)
  • The development of the wheel for transportation.
  • The invention of writing for record-keeping.

Which of these best describes the relationship between the Bronze Age and the Iron Age?

  • The Bronze Age marked a brief interruption in the longer Iron Age.
  • The Bronze Age was a direct consequence of advancements made during the Iron Age.
  • The Iron Age followed and largely replaced the Bronze Age due to iron's superior properties. (correct)
  • The Bronze Age and Iron Age occurred simultaneously in different regions.

What technical innovation enabled the widespread use of iron, which has a melting point of $1,538^{\circ}C$?

<p>Advancements in smelting processes capable of reaching higher temperatures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary structure of society during the Middle Ages in Europe?

<p>A feudal system with land-owning nobles and peasant laborers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did advancements in agricultural technology, such as the moldboard plow and the use of horses, impact society during the Middle Ages?

<p>They resulted in a surplus of food, contributing to population growth and improved nutrition. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the term 'Dark Ages' seen as problematic by many modern historians when referring to the early Middle Ages?

<p>Because it carries negative connotations implying violence and lack of progress, which is an oversimplification. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What material innovation directly led to the end of the Bronze Age, initiating a new historical period characterized by stronger tools and weapons?

<p>The discovery and use of iron, enabling stronger tools and weapons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario best exemplifies the application of technology to improve the quality of life within a society?

<p>Engineers developing a water purification system to provide clean drinking water to a rural community. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does technological advancement typically influence societal norms and behaviors within a community?

<p>Technology prompts adjustments in people's lifestyles and behaviors based on the resources and tools available. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A society is undergoing rapid industrialization, with factories being built and new technologies introduced. Which of the following is the least likely consequence?

<p>Preservation of traditional lifestyles and skills. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios demonstrates the interrelation between science, technology, and society?

<p>A robotics company designs and manufactures robots to assist in surgery, improving patient outcomes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider a community that has just discovered a new ore containing a valuable metal. What sequence of actions would best represent the transition from scientific discovery to societal impact?

<p>Scientific Investigation -&gt; Technological Application -&gt; Societal Impact (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best illustrates a paradigm shift in the field of medicine?

<p>The acceptance of the germ theory of disease. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way might a society's cultural values influence the direction of scientific and technological development?

<p>Cultural values determine which areas of research are prioritized and funded, shaping the focus of development. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor primarily contributed to the progression of science during the Middle Ages?

<p>The establishment and growth of universities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the understanding of medicine evolve during the Middle Ages?

<p>Medicine progressed as people recognized the spread of sickness and the impact of lifestyle on health. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios accurately describes a society using metallurgy?

<p>A society extracting copper from ore to create tools and weapons. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What geographical feature most significantly influenced the early development of Chinese civilization?

<p>Rivers that supported agriculture and trade. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following inventions is NOT attributed to ancient China?

<p>The printing press. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main significance of the Indus Valley Civilization discovery dating back 8,000 years?

<p>It positions the civilization as older than previous civilizations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medical practices is associated with early methods of counting, as indicated in the provided content?

<p>Skin grafting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did rivers play in the development of early civilizations such as those in China and India?

<p>Rivers provided fertile land for agriculture, facilitated trade, and supplied water. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did medieval physicians' approach to treating diseases contribute to the spread of illness?

<p>By relying on unsanitary practices and superstitious methods. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The African Stonehenge in Kenya is believed to have facilitated observations of which astronomical phenomena?

<p>Saturn’s rings, Jupiter’s moons, and the spiral structure of the Milky Way (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant agricultural innovation developed by the Aztecs that increased food production?

<p>Chinampas, utilizing fertile land on shallow lake beds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred from the fact that early civilizations often emerged near rivers?

<p>Rivers provided essential resources and facilitated trade and agriculture. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor does Antoine Zahlan identify as a primary reason for the technological lag in Middle Eastern countries?

<p>Loss of trade and transportation systems (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Prior to the sixteenth century, what characteristics defined the Arab world’s connectivity?

<p>a unified system of trade and transport facilitating the movement of people and information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fields of study saw advancements in the Islamic world following the rise of Islam in the seventh century?

<p>Mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and chemistry (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What geographical areas did the Inca civilization encompass at its peak?

<p>Ancient Peru and western South America (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact did Arab transport systems have on its civilization prior to the sixteenth century?

<p>Large-scale circulation of people and information. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Aztec xiuhpohualli calendar is most notable for what characteristic?

<p>Approximating the solar year with 365 days. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the significance of the Mayan's development of the concept of zero?

<p>It enabled advancements in their numerical system and mathematical calculations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Mayan's Haab calendar support their agricultural and economic activities?

<p>It divided the year into periods that were aligned with planting and harvesting seasons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the Inca's approach to architecture?

<p>They prioritized functionality and resilience in their building designs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Aztec's use of passion flower demonstrate their understanding of herbal medicine?

<p>They recognized it as a remedy to calm spasms and relax muscles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary use of cocoa beans in Mayan society?

<p>As currency for trade and economic transactions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best explains the importance of vulcanizing for the Mayans?

<p>It enhanced the properties of rubber for various applications. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Inca innovations in civil and hydraulic engineering contribute to their society?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technological advancement demonstrates mathematical knowledge already being utilized by early Filipinos before the Spanish Colonial Period?

<p>The Laguna Copperplate Inscription displaying numerical systems. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason for the implementation of the reduccion system during the Spanish Colonial Period?

<p>To address the shortage of Spanish missionaries and consolidate settlements. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did the Laboratorio Municipal de Ciudad de Manila play in the development during the Spanish Colonial Period?

<p>It served as a center for medico-legal and public health analysis, including research on infectious diseases. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the opening of Philippine ports during the Spanish Colonial Period impact the country's economy?

<p>It facilitated the export of Philippine products, boosting economic growth. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the Paleolithic Period from the Spanish Colonial Period in terms of scientific and technological advancements in the Philippines?

<p>The Paleolithic Period involved the use of stone tools, whereas the Spanish Colonial Period introduced formal education and scientific institutions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of caracoa in the context of early Filipino society and its subsequent use during the Spanish Colonial Period?

<p>It was initially used for trading and naval activities by early Filipinos and later repurposed by the Spaniards as warships. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the advancements in agriculture that occurred during the Spanish Colonial Period?

<p>Increased agricultural production resulting from modernized, scientific approaches to farming (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the establishment of institutions like the University of Santo Tomas influence science and technology during the Spanish Colonial Period?

<p>By offering advanced scientific and technical training and facilitating research in medicine and pharmacy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Science

A branch of knowledge that investigates natural phenomena through observation, inference, and experimentation.

Technology

The application of scientific concepts to create tools that ease life.

Society

A group of people living in a community with shared culture, economic status, and political authority.

Science, Technology, and Society (STS)

The interdisciplinary field that studies how science and technology shape and are shaped by social, political, and cultural values.

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Antler

Horn of an animal like a deer.

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Caracoa

A large, fast boat.

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Flint

A hard, sedimentary cryptocrystalline form of quartz.

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Smelting

Process of extracting metal from ore by heating beyond the metal's melting point.

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Three Age System

A system classifying artifacts by the materials used for tools: Stone, Bronze, and Iron.

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Stone Age

A prehistoric period where stone was the primary tool-making material.

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Bronze Age

A period marked by the use of bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, for tools and weapons.

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Iron Age

A period characterized by the widespread use of iron and steel.

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Bronze Age Development

Humans started working with metal, bronze replaced stone for tools and weapons.

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Iron Age Significance

Iron was widely used for tools and weapons, requiring higher smelting temperatures.

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Feudalism

A socio-political system in Medieval Europe where land was exchanged for service and labor.

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Xiuhpohualli

Aztec 365-day calendar with 18 months and 5 extra days.

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Chocolate Origin

The Aztecs and Mayans introduced chocolate to the world.

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Aztec Herbal Medicine

Aztecs calmed spasms and relaxed muscles with passion flower.

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Chicle Gum

Aztecs and Mayans made gum from the chicle of the sapodilla tree.

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Mayan Zero

Mayans had a numerical system that included zero as a placeholder.

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Mayan Vulcanization

Mayans were the first to vulcanize rubber.

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Haab Calendar

A Mayan calendar used for agriculture, economic, and accounting activities.

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Inca Engineering

System of roads, bridges, canals and aqueducts.

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Edward Gibbon

An English historian who termed the Middle Ages as an era of "barbarism and religion".

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Medieval Universities

Institutions established across Europe before 1500, many supervised by the Catholic Church, focused on higher learning like Medicine, Law, and Theology.

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Medieval Medicine (Early)

A period when the understanding of medicine was limited, changing with the rise of universities and institutionalized medicine.

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Medieval Medicine (Later)

Suggested sickness could spread, lifestyle affects health, and some are more prone to illness.

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Yangtze River

The river where the use of silk began and free trade happened among countries.

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Chinese Science & Technology

Major advancements in agriculture, economy, silk production, bronze production, physics, astronomy, math, and medical biology during the historical period.

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Indian Science & Technology

Notable for architecture (Taj Mahal), ancient civilization (Indus Valley), and contributions to math.

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Indus Valley Civilization

Civilization that began about 8,000 years old, taking root well before the Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations.

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Yoruba & Zaire Systems

Early methods included salicylic acid use, autopsies, dental fillings, skin grafting, and tissue cauterization.

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African Stonehenge

Ancient astronomical site in Kenya used to observe Saturn's rings, Jupiter's moons, the Milky Way's spiral structure, and the orbit of Sirius.

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Islamic Golden Age of Science

The Islamic world saw a surge in science and technology after the 7th century, excelling in fields such as math, astronomy, medicine, and optics.

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Middle East Technological Lag

Loss of trade, Industrial Revolution impact, and colonization effects are cited as reasons for the Middle East's technological lag.

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Mesoamerican Civilizations

Aztecs, Incas, and Mayans were Mesoamerican civilizations with contributions to science and technology.

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Chinampas

An agricultural technique used by Aztecs where crops are grown on small, raised, fertile plots in shallow lake beds.

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Chinampas Benefits

Chinampas provided Aztecs with more food and saved space by growing plants above water in the Valley of Mexico.

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Aztec Calendar

Aztecs created a calendar system as a contribution to science and technology

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Paleolithic Stone Tools

Stone tools used as knives and scrapers dating back to the Paleolithic Period, found in Cagayan Province.

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Flake Tools

Flake tools used by Paleolithic men, found in various locations including Tabon Caves.

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Reduccion System

A system implemented by the Spanish to consolidate small, scattered settlements into larger towns for easier administration and religious conversion.

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Cabeza de Barangay

The leader of a barangay, the smallest unit of government during the Spanish colonial period.

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Laboratorio Municipal de Manila

Established in 1887 for medico-legal and public health analysis; conducted research on infectious diseases.

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Manila School of Agriculture

School opened in 1889 that introduced a scientific approach to farming, leading to increased agricultural production.

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Galleon Trade

Trade that continued from 1565 to 1813, facilitating the exchange of goods between the Philippines and other countries.

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Calesa and Tramways

Two forms of transportation during the Spanish Colonial Period

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Study Notes

  • Science investigates natural phenomena, drawing inferences and experimenting.
  • Technology applies science to create tools for ease, evolving in medicine, engineering, biotechnology, and agriculture.
  • Society comprises people in a community, sharing culture, economic status, and political authority

Interrelation of Science, Technology, and Society

  • Science stems from human intellect, researching and experimenting to form theories and laws.
  • Science and technology are essential for all life forms, improving the quality of life.
  • Technology shapes community living, adjusting lifestyles based on accessible facilities.

Historical Antecedents Terms

  • Antler: Deer horn
  • Caracoa: large, fast boat
  • Flint: rock producing sparks
  • Millet (Setaria italica): human food grass
  • Nomads: people moving from place to place
  • Smelting: extracting metals from ore above the metal's melting point
  • Metallurgy: studies metals' physical and chemical properties, extracting/modifying them from ores.

Timeline of Development

  • Prehistory: 3 million-3000 BC
  • Ancient Age: 3000BC-476AC
  • Medieval Age: 476 AC- 1492 AC
  • Modern Age: 1492 AC-1789 AC
  • Contemporary Age: 1789 AC - 2011 AC

Prehistoric Age (3 million BC - 3000 BC)

  • This covers the Paleolithic (3 million BC - 10000 BC) and Neolithic (from 10000 BC) periods

Three Age System

  • Christian Jurgensen Thomsen introduced this system to classify artifacts by period
  • The periods are split into Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages, named after tools used.
  • Stone Age: Stones mainly for tools, lasted ~3.4 million years.
  • Bronze Age: intensifed fire, smelting pit for shaping tools and wares, followed Neolithic, bronze used comprised of copper and tin, existed around 2000-500 BC.
  • Iron Age: use of iron and steel prevalent ,1200 BC – 600 BC.

Ancient Age: Metalworking

  • Humans began working with metal
  • Bronze replaced stone in tools and weapons
  • Fire use advanced to smelting
  • Bronze is a copper-based metal mixture
  • Smelting is heating ore to extract the metal
  • Iron Age was from 1050 BC - 500 AD replacing bronze with iron for tools and weapons
  • The higher melting point of 1,538°C meant more advanced methodology, and this was stronger than bronze.

Middle Ages (5th-15th Century)

  • Feudalism dominated Europe, king allocated land to nobles/bishops.
  • Peasants farmed, giving most harvest to landowners for land and protection
  • The Moldboard plow was adopted for agriculture
  • Oxen replaced by horses including horse collars and horseshoes
  • These innovations flourished agriculture allowing more available nutritious products

The Dark Age (450-1000 AD)

  • The early Middle Ages saw no scientific accomplishment referred to as a time of intellectual darkness
  • The term 'Dark Ages' has been rejected by 20th-century scholars due to negative connotations
  • It is characterized as a time of violence and general lack of progression
  • Edward Gibbon (18th-century English historian), termed it as "barbarism and religion."

Education in the Middle Ages

  • Before 1500, over 80 European universities were established
  • Many were Catholic Church supervised institutions that taught medicine, law, and theology
  • Increase in institutions promoted science
  • Medieval universities greatly contributed to world development
  • Education was heightened and general knowledge increased

Medicine in the Middle Ages

  • Early medieval medicine was misunderstood.
  • The establishment of universities changed views on sickness and health.
  • It was recognized that contagion and lifestyle affected health, making some prone to illness.
  • Physicians used unsanitary, dangerous treatments with superstitions, contributing to disease spread.

China's Contributions

  • China: One of the oldest civilizations
  • Agriculture: Farming began in Huang Ho and Yangtze rivers
  • Trade: Free among countries on riverbanks; easy bartering and water for agriculture
  • Silk Use: Introduced, with large-scale production of silk
  • Bronze Production: Became increasingly more sophisticated
  • Science Advancement included Physics, Astronomy, Mathematics, and Medical Biology.
  • Inventions: Paper, compass, gunpowder, guns, cannons, mechanical clock, animal harness, and water power.

India's Contributions

  • India: world civilization, inhabited approximately 250,000 years ago
  • Indus Valley Civilization is at least 8,000 years old
  • Their contributions included architecture like the Taj Mahal

African Contributions

  • First Methods of Counting: Yoruba System and Zaire System
  • African Stonehenge: Work of Ancient Astronmers observing:
  • Saturn's ring, Jupiter's moon, Spiral structure Milkyway, Sirius Star Orbit
  • Metallurgy: Advancements were made around the creation of tools
  • Salicylic acid, autopsy, filling cavities, skin grafting, and tissue cauterization for medical practice

Middle East Contributions

  • Science and technology flourished after the rise of Islam
  • Muslim rulers supported translation of Greek philosophy and science
  • Scientific explorations in mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and more
  • A trade and transportation system linked the Arab world until the sixteenth century
  • This system facilitated the circulation of people and knowledge
  • A main reason Middle Eastern countries lag is from the loss of trade/transportation systems, from Industrial Revloution effects and Colonial effects.

Mesoamerican Contributions

  • Maya, Aztecs, and Inca contributed to science and technology.
  • Mayans: Mexico and Central America
  • Aztecs: Northern Mesoamerica, 1345-1521
  • Incas: Ancient Peru, western South America, 1400-1533

Aztec Contributions

  • Chinampas: agriculture on shallow lake beds, providing food and saving space
  • Aztec Calendar: 365-day calendar known as xiuhpohualli, still used today.
  • Chocolate: Introduced to the world
  • Herbs: (Medicine) Passion flower was used to calm spasms and relax muscles.
  • Gum: Produced using chicle from sapodilla trees

Mayan Contributions

  • Concept of Zero (0): advanced numerical system used with place values
  • Vulcanizing: First peoples to do so
  • Chocolate: Developed cocoa into a drink
  • Mayan Calendar: glyph writing, the Haab for agriculture, used for economic and general accounting
  • Mayan Medicine: tooth filling, jade, turquoise for prosthetics, obsidians for cuts
  • Architecture: Mayan strucutres build with great precision
  • Mayan agriculutre: Use raised farming beds and terrace farming.

Inca Contributions

  • Civil engineering: road and bridge systems canals and aqueducts.
  • Arhictecture: The Inca were masters of structure
  • Inca Calendar: divided into 12 months of 3 weeks each and 10 days
  • Musical instruments: wind/percussion like drums

Science and Technology in the Philippines: Pre-colonial Period

  • Ancestors possessed living tools evolving stones to metals
  • National Museum artifacts displayed stone tools dating to Paleolithic
  • Stones were used/known as knife and scrapers
  • Stone tools were located in Cagayan Province.
  • Flake tools were used by Paleolithic men found at Tabon Caves Palawan, Sanga Sanga Tawi-Tawi, and Pinta Cave Isabela.
  • Early Filipinos used herbs for medicine, plus systems for writing and measuring
  • Laguna Copperplate Inscription shows that mathematics used.
  • Farming, shipbuilding, mining, and weaving provided trade livelihood
  • The "Caracoa" was used as general ships and war ships during Spanish colonization

Spanish Influence

  • Influence of Spaniards had rapid growth in science/technology and universities built
  • Institutions included Colegio de San Ildefonso, Cebu (1595), Colegio de San Ignacio Manila (1595), University Santo Tomas (1611) Colegio de San Juan Letran Manila 1964, Ateneo de Manila (1859)
  • Filipinos were sent abroad to study: Jose Rizal, Graciano Apacible and Jose Aljejandrino, Antonio Luna
  • Reduccion policy forced scattered settlements combined into one to combat low missionary numbers
  • Heads of Barangays are called Cabeza de barangay or Teniente de Barrio.
  • (1871) Philippine herbs catalogued., medicine and pharmacy universities opened
  • (1887) Opened laboratorios for medico-legal and public health
  • Opened Manila Scholl of Agriculture (1889), promoting scientific farming
  • Philippines opened its ports, resuling in higher trading due to Galleon Trade
  • Vehicles on roads included calesa and tramways

Contributions during US governance

  • Advancement in both disciplines, allowing government corporations such as National Power Corporation and Economic Council
  • Lower income families would see the creation of new public schols, encouraging all peoples to learn
  • NSDB (Department of Science and Technology) was created to further help promote said fields.

Marcos Era/Martial Law

  • Enacted laws flourishing science/technology.
  • Scholarship given to top HS students.
  • Science related courses were created within public schools

Fifth Republic

  • (Corazon) NSTA replaced with DOST
  • (Ramos) S&T helped reach to become new industry country
  • (Estrada) Clean air act passed plus legal backing for electronics
  • S&T hailed as golding age by Allbastro during Arroyo government.
  • (2014, Aquino III) Benigno gave rewards to four scientists for their contributions.

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