Aqueous Solutions Quiz

Pharmaceutical Water Advantage

• Purified water is free from contaminants which makes it ideal for pharmaceutical use and prevents contamination of drugs.

Distillation Process

• Distillation involves heating water to its boiling point, converting it to steam, and then condensing the steam back to water. This leaves behind impurities in the original water source.

Cation Removal in Ion Exchange

• Cation exchange resins are used to remove positively charged ions (cations) from water during purification. These resins contain negatively charged groups that attract and bind cations, effectively removing them.

Hydrotropy - Enhancing Solubility

• Hydrotropy utilizes high concentrations of 'hydrotropic' agents (e.g., sodium benzoate) to increase the aqueous solubility of poorly soluble molecules. This involves altering the solvent environment to make the solute more soluble.

pH and Aqueous Solubility

• Weak acids become more soluble in solution as the pH is increased (more basic). This is because the acidic form of the weak acid is more soluble than the basic form.
• Weak bases become more soluble in solutions as the pH is decreased (more acidic). This is because the basic form of the weak base is more soluble than the acidic form.

Erythropoietin Function

• Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone primarily produced by the kidneys. It stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow, which is vital for transporting oxygen throughout the body.

Normal Range Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)

• The normal range for blood urea nitrogen (BUN) varies slightly across labs, but generally falls between 7-20 mg/dL.

GFR - Kidney Function

• Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a measure of kidney function. It reflects the rate at which blood is filtered by the kidneys. A healthy GFR is a key indicator of kidney health.

PTH Function

• Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is crucial for regulating calcium levels in the blood. It works by promoting calcium release from bones, increasing calcium absorption from the gut, and reducing calcium excretion by the kidneys.

Endstage CRF Significance

• Endstage CRF (Chronic Renal Failure) indicates a severely compromised kidney function, often requiring dialysis or kidney transplantation. This stage represents the end of the disease progression and necessitates specialized medical intervention.