Aquatic and Terrestrial Biomes Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of gills in aquatic organisms?

  • Digestion
  • Gas exchange (correct)
  • Nutrient absorption
  • Waste storage

How do freshwater fish maintain their salt levels?

  • By urinating frequently (correct)
  • By restricting water intake
  • By absorbing salt from the surroundings
  • By drinking seawater

Which biome is characterized by extremely cold temperatures and very low precipitation?

  • Coniferous forest
  • Tundra
  • Temperate grassland
  • Polar ice (correct)

What primarily determines the distribution of terrestrial biomes?

<p>Temperature and precipitation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which terrestrial biome is dominated by cone-bearing evergreen trees?

<p>Coniferous forest (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the water cycle play in determining climate?

<p>It regulates precipitation and evaporation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which biome would you typically find permafrost?

<p>Tundra (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The buoyancy of water affects which aspect of aquatic organisms?

<p>Body size limits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major characteristic of the coniferous forest biome?

<p>High precipitation mostly as snow (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which animals are commonly found in the tundra biome?

<p>Large migratory mammals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adaptation helps needles minimize seasonal water loss in coniferous forests?

<p>Triangular shape (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of forest is characterized by shedding leaves to conserve water for winter?

<p>Temperate broadleaf forest (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant human impact on temperate grasslands?

<p>Intensive agriculture (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which biome is described as having extremely low precipitation, with both the Sahara and Antarctica classified as such?

<p>Desert (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the climate of a chaparral biome?

<p>Seasonal rain with hot dry summers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of a savanna biome?

<p>Widely spaced trees (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What climatic condition is typical in tropical forests?

<p>Warm year-round with humidity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following ecosystems is considered one of the most endangered due to human activity?

<p>Temperate grassland (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are high mountain biomes primarily characterized?

<p>Shifts in vegetation types with altitude (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major source is provided by temperate broadleaf forests?

<p>Industrial products (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of ecology?

<p>Scientific quantitative study of organisms and their environment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered an abiotic factor?

<p>Temperature (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does temperature play in the environment of organisms?

<p>Narrow temperature ranges are critical due to ice crystallization and protein stability. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way do organisms adapt to their environments?

<p>By natural selection in response to abiotic and biotic factors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the biotic factors that affect why some species thrive in specific locations?

<p>Species have evolved from local ancestors or dispersed and survived. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following abiotic factors is specifically influenced by the presence of solar energy?

<p>Production of terrestrial and aquatic life. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact do mountains have on local climates?

<p>They influence precipitation levels, affecting ecosystems in their vicinity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do organisms require the presence of pollinators?

<p>They provide essential biotic factors for reproduction of certain species. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does species richness measure?

<p>The number of different species in a given area (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does relative abundance contribute to biodiversity?

<p>It reflects the distribution of individuals among the different species (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant consequence of competition among species?

<p>Elimination of one species due to superior competition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of community ecology, what does ecological niche refer to?

<p>The role an organism plays in its ecosystem (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of interspecific interaction is characterized as negative for both parties involved?

<p>Competition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of relative abundance?

<p>Woodlot A: 80% species A, 10% species B, 5% species C, 5% species D (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are adaptations like camouflage important in predator-prey relationships?

<p>They enhance reproductive success of prey (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do community diversity metrics commonly integrate?

<p>Species evenness and abundance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do foundation species play in an ecosystem?

<p>They significantly contribute to creating and maintaining habitats. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of succession occurs in an area that was previously lifeless?

<p>Primary succession (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does a high level of disturbance have on community diversity?

<p>It leads to low levels of biodiversity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between non-native species and invasive species?

<p>Non-native species may coexist without harm, while invasive species negatively impact their new surroundings. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of photosynthesis in the carbon cycle?

<p>It converts atmospheric CO2 into organic molecules. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact did the introduction of the rootboring weevil have on the ecosystem?

<p>It controlled the invasive purple loosestrife but potentially also damaged conifers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during ecological succession after a disturbance that destroys an existing community?

<p>New species occupy the vacated space over time. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major takeaway regarding the carbon cycle?

<p>Chemicals are recycled while energy is not. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average return of salmon in the Fraser as of the most recent data?

<p>Less than 1 million (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conservation status does Fraser River coho salmon currently hold?

<p>Endangered (A), Threatened (B), Special concern (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which life stage do salmon transition into the ocean as smolts?

<p>Before returning to freshwater (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is essential but slow in the restoration of salmon habitats?

<p>Addition of large wood debris (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do returning spawning salmon have on freshwater streams?

<p>Increase in air-water gas exchange (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary threats to adult salmon survival returning to freshwater?

<p>Rising water temperatures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the changes in terrestrial thermal conditions affect salmon?

<p>They may cause increased salmon deaths (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the life cycle stage of anadromy in salmon?

<p>Migration from freshwater to saltwater and back for spawning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Ecology

The scientific study of organisms and their interactions with the environment, using quantitative methods.

Abiotic factors

Non-living factors that influence life, such as sunlight, water, and temperature.

Biotic factors

Living organisms that interact within an ecosystem, such as predators, prey, and competitors.

Organism/Individual level

The level of ecological organization that focuses on a single organism's interactions with its environment, including its physiology and behavior.

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Population level

The level of ecological organization that focuses on a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area, including factors affecting population size.

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Community level

The level of ecological organization that focuses on all populations of different species living close enough to interact within a specific area.

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Ecosystem level

The level of ecological organization that encompasses all biotic and abiotic factors in a specific environment.

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Natural selection

The process by which organisms with traits better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing those traits to their offspring.

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Osmosis

The process where water molecules move across a semi-permeable membrane from a high concentration to a low concentration.

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Diffusion

The movement of molecules from a high concentration area to a low concentration area.

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Gills

Specialized organs in aquatic animals that extract oxygen from water.

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Evaginations

Outward projections from the body surface, like gills.

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Invaginations

Inward folds or pockets from the body surface, like lungs.

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Biome

A large collection of interconnected ecosystems with similar climates and plant communities.

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Climate

The average weather conditions in a region over a long period of time.

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Coniferous Forest

A large terrestrial biome with long, cold winters and short, wet summers. Dominated by cone-bearing evergreen trees.

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Tundra

A cold and treeless biome with permafrost. Dominated by grasses, mosses, and lichens.

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Temperate Rainforest

A type of coniferous forest found in temperate regions with warmer temperatures and moist air from oceans, often with a higher diversity of trees compared to boreal forests.

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Temperate Broadleaf Forest

A forest dominated by broadleaf trees that lose their leaves seasonally, typically occurring in regions with warm summers and cold winters, and relatively high precipitation.

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Temperate Grassland

A biome characterized by grasses as the dominant vegetation, warm summers, relatively cold winters, and low precipitation with occasional droughts. Fires are common, and the soil is rich and fertile.

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Desert

A biome with exceptionally low precipitation, making it difficult for most plants to survive. They can have variable temperatures, with both hot and cold deserts existing.

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Tropical Forest

A biome found in equatorial regions with warm temperatures year-round and high humidity. Tropical rainforests have poor soil quality, while tropical dry forests have pronounced dry seasons.

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Chaparral/Mediterranean

A subarid shrubland biome characterized by more seasonal rain than a desert but less than a deciduous forest, with hot, dry summers and frequent, high-intensity crown fires.

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Savanna

A subarid forestland biome with more seasonal rain than a desert but less than a deciduous forest, characterized by hot, dry summers and widely spaced trees allowing light and air to penetrate.

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High Mountain

A biome where altitude substitutes for latitude, resulting in colder and drier conditions with varied vegetation types and small, isolated areas.

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Behavioral Ecology

The study of the behavior of organisms in their natural environment, examining how they interact with their surroundings and other organisms.

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What is behavior?

Any action or series of actions performed by an organism in response to internal or external stimuli.

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Foundation Species

A species that has a strong influence on the structure and function of an ecosystem, often creating habitats and resources that support other species.

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Ecological Succession

The process of change in the species structure of an ecological community over time, following a disturbance.

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Primary Succession

The first stage of ecological succession, occurring in a previously lifeless area; new life starts forming.

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Secondary Succession

The second stage of ecological succession, occurring after a disturbance destroys an existing community; new species occupy the space.

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Invasive Species

A species introduced outside its native range, that can have negative impacts on the new environment, often outcompeting native species.

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Carbon Cycle Takeaway

Chemicals are recycled in natural processes, but energy is not.

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Photosynthesis

The process by which plants convert carbon dioxide from the atmosphere into organic compounds using sunlight energy.

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Cellular Respiration

The process by which organisms break down organic compounds to release energy, producing carbon dioxide as a byproduct.

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Community Ecology

The study of the organization and functioning of interacting groups of different species within a shared habitat, considering factors like biodiversity, population dynamics, and interspecific relationships.

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Biodiversity (Species Diversity)

A measurement of the variety of species within a community, considering both the number of species and their relative abundance.

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Species Richness

The number of different species present in a community, regardless of their abundance.

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Relative Abundance

The proportion of each species within a community, representing their relative abundance.

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Ecological Niche

The sum of an organism's use of both biotic and abiotic resources in its environment, encompassing its food sources, habitat, and interactions with other species.

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Competition (Negative Negative)

A type of interspecific interaction where two species compete for the same limited resource, negatively affecting both species' populations.

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Predation (Negative Positive)

A type of interspecific interaction where one species (the predator) benefits by consuming another species (the prey), negatively impacting the prey's population.

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Herbivory (Mechanical Defenses)

A type of predation where herbivores consume plant material. Can involve mechanical defenses like thorns to deter herbivores.

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Anadromy

A fish species with a unique life cycle: born in freshwater, matures in saltwater, then returns to freshwater to spawn.

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Pink Salmon

Pink salmon are the smallest salmon species, known for their large populations and extensive hatchery production.

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Stream Restoration

The gradual and ongoing process of restoring damaged freshwater habitats for salmon, often involving adding large wood debris, slowing water flow, and replacing gravel.

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Smolt

The act of a young salmon transitioning from freshwater to saltwater, typically marked by changes in their physiology and behavior.

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Salmon Nutrient Subsidy

The return of spawning salmon delivers a significant influx of nutrients and organic matter into freshwater ecosystems, supporting the food web.

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Salmon Decline and Ecosystem Impacts

The decline of salmon populations poses a major threat to the overall health and productivity of freshwater ecosystems.

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Thermal Changes and Salmon Mortality

Rising water temperatures due to climate change can lead to increased mortality rates in salmon, especially during their critical life stages.

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Adult Salmon Survival and Decline

Salmon face challenges in their journey from saltwater to freshwater, leading to a steady decline in adult survival and return rates.

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Study Notes

Ecology

  • Ecology is the scientific quantitative study of organisms and their environment.
  • Abiotic factors are non-living elements like sun, air, and water.
  • Biotic factors are living organisms like prey and predators.
  • Organisms are individual living entities.
  • Populations are groups of organisms of the same species in a particular area.
  • Communities include all the populations in a given area.
  • Ecosystems involve biotic and abiotic factors in an area.
  • Ecological studies consider different levels: organism, population, community, ecosystem, landscape, and global.

Abiotic Factors

  • Abiotic factors are physical and chemical factors that influence life.
  • A major energy source is solar energy, (for terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems)
  • Chemical energy is a source in dark environments, like deep ocean vents.
  • Temperature ranges typically from 0°C to 45°C for life processes.

Water

  • Terrestrial organisms must avoid drying out.
  • Aquatic organisms need to balance solute concentrations (hypotonic in freshwater, hypertonic in saltwater).
  • Availability of inorganic nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus is crucial.
  • Other aquatic factors like dissolved oxygen, salinity, and currents are important.
  • Terrestrial factors like temperature extremes, wind, fire, and ice are influential.
  • Climate, affected by solar radiation, latitude, and seasonal variations and global air circulation and precipitation patterns.
  • Local climates are affected by landforms like mountains.

Biotic Factors

  • Species in a particular place evolved from ancestors in that location or dispersed and survived.
  • Organisms adapt to abiotic and biotic factors through natural selection.

Ecology Methods

  • Ecology studies are approached in various ways, including field research, laboratory experiments, and modeling.
  • Field research involves observing organisms in their natural environment.
  • Laboratory experiments allow manipulation of specific variables.
  • Modeling is a valuable tool in simulating ecological dynamics.

Ecology Importance

  • Biodiversity loss is a major concern.
  • Studies of changing climates help in understanding declines in species.
  • Outbreaks of invasive species, pests, pathogens, and predators are often noted.
  • Impacts like mountain pine beetle killing trees and increased wildfires are documented.

Ecological Biomes

  • Biomes are large collections of ecosystems covering major habitat types, not necessarily contiguous, as described in details in further section.
  • Biomes are categorized and characterized based on their average conditions.
  • Aquatic biomes (freshwater and saltwater) include: lakes, ponds (with seasonal mixing, redistributing oxygen and nutrients), rivers and streams, estuaries (transitional areas between freshwater and ocean), and wetlands.
  • Aquatic biomes (saltwater) include: features of depth, light penetration, and differences between areas with presence of light or not.
  • Terrestrial biomes are major land-based ecosystems. Terrestrial biomes include Polar ice, Tundra, Coniferous (boreal/northern) forests, Temperate broadleaf forest, Deserts, Tropical forests and Savannas.
  • Characteristics of each biome (e.g., temperature, rainfall, dominant plant life) influence the types of life that can thrive in these areas.

Gas Exchange

  • Passive or external osmosis and diffusion play a key role in gaseous exchange for organisms.
  • Gills are used for aquatic respiration, while lungs are for aerial respiration.
  • The role of waste removal is also significant with adaptations for osmotic needs.
  • Hydrodynamics is important in aquatic environments for movement and dispersal.

Biomes (terrestrial)

  • Terrestrial biomes include different types, with their differences outlined and their classification dependent on temperature and rainfall (grasslands, forests, etc.) and solar energy as seen in the following sections.
    • Polar ice, tundra, coniferous forests, temperate broadleaf forests, deserts, tropical forests.

Behavioural Ecology

  • Behaviour is how an animal responds to internal and external signals.
  • Innate behaviours are genetically controlled actions.
  • Behavioural sequences are fixed action patterns that result from direct action and response to external stimuli.
  • Learning allows modification of behaviour based on experiences (like habits).

Ocean

  • Oceans are a major global interconnected water body, divided into four regions (Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic).
  • Light availability decreases with depth.
  • Salinity and depth play influential roles in ocean ecosystems.
  • Human impacts to oceans include pollution, overexploitation, and introducing foreign species and changing climate.

Population Ecology

  • Population is a group of individuals of the same species.
  • Populations grow based on births, deaths, immigration (moving into an area), and emigration (moving out of an area), all factors that contribute to population dynamics.
  • Dispersion is how individuals are spaced within a population. Types include clumped, uniform, and random.
  • Population density is the number of individuals per unit area.
  • Density dependent and independent factors influence population sizes

Community Ecology

  • Communities include all populations interacting in a particular area.
  • The community ecology study deals with how populations in an area interact and the effects in terms of carrying capacity.
  • Biodiversity is a crucial factor in community interactions like competition and predation.
  • Interspecific interactions (between different species) relate to ecological niches.
  • Predation involves one species feeding on another.
  • Competition occurs when niches overlap and resources are limited.

Trophic Levels and Food Webs

  • Trophic levels describe the feeding interactions within an ecosystem.
  • Primary producers are the base of food webs (often photosynthetic organisms).
  • Primary consumers are herbivores, eating the producers.
  • Consumers at higher trophic levels consume organisms from lower levels.
  • Energy flows through the trophic levels.

Conservation Biology

  • Conservation biology focuses on preserving biodiversity and habitats.
  • It's important to research all species and document their ecological function and role.
  • Threats to biodiversity include overexploitation, introduced species, pollution, habitat loss, and global change.
  • Conservation efforts aim to understand these threats and develop sustainable solutions for species and their habitat needs.

Other Topics

  • Includes various species and their ecological roles like salmon.
  • Notes on life cycles, impacts, and conservation for each species.
  • Factors like habitat loss, pollution, and climate change significantly affect species populations.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the characteristics and functions of aquatic and terrestrial biomes. This quiz covers topics such as gills in fish, biomes like tundra and coniferous forests, and human impacts on ecosystems. Perfect for biology enthusiasts and students alike!

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