APUSH The Unfinished Nation Chapter 20

Key Figures and Movements

• Ida Tarbell: Influential muckraker known for exposing the malpractices of the Standard Oil Trust, contributing to public awareness of corporate corruption.
• Lincoln Steffans: Reporter for McClure's Magazine whose investigative articles highlighted issues of urban political corruption, sparking calls for reform.
• Social Gospel Movement: Focused on using faith as a catalyst for social change, primarily aimed at urban reform and improving the living conditions of cities.
• Jane Addams: Founder of Hull House in Chicago in 1889, provided essential services to immigrants and played a significant role in community welfare.

Organizations and Legislation

• Salvation Army: Combined religious outreach with social services, aiding the poor through both spiritual and practical assistance.
• American Medical Association: Advocated for higher professional standards and rigorous scientific approaches to medical education.
• Women's Christian Temperance Union: Led by Frances Willard, campaigned for the prohibition of alcohol, influencing legislation that culminated in the 18th Amendment.

Social Change and Women's Rights

• General Federation of Women's Clubs: Provided a platform for middle-class women, leading to the enactment of new laws focused on women's rights and social issues.
• 19th Amendment: Ratified in 1920, granted women the constitutional right to vote; a culmination of decades of advocacy and reform efforts by suffragists.
• Alice Paul: Activist who sought equal rights for women through constitutional amendments, representing a more militant approach to the suffrage movement.

Political Reforms and Processes

• Direct Primary: A progressive reform that reduced the power of political parties in candidate selection, though it had adverse effects on voting rights for Black Americans in the South.
• Initiative and Referendum: Empowered voters to propose and approve laws directly, enhancing democratic participation in the political process.
• City Managers: A system where governmental management was outsourced to experts to improve local governance efficiency.

Labor Issues and Advocacy

• Triangle Shirtwaist Co. Fire: Tragic 1911 event highlighting workplace safety issues, leading to reforms in labor laws and regulations.
• Eugene V. Debs: Prominent leader of the Socialist Party, advocating for workers’ rights and social justice during a time of growing labor movements.
• Bill Haywood: Leader of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW); promoted a unified labor movement, often using direct action.

Economic and Regulatory Developments

• Federal Reserve Act: Established the U.S. central banking system, creating 12 regional banks to stabilize the economy and regulate currency supply.
• Clayton Anti-Trust Act: Strengthened anti-monopoly measures, aimed at curbing corporate monopolies, though weakened by subsequent political amendments.
• "New Freedom": Woodrow Wilson’s platform aiming to dismantle monopolies and promote economic fairness through regulatory measures.

Notable Literature and Ideas

• The Jungle: Upton Sinclair's novel revealing horrific conditions in the meat-packing industry, prompting significant food safety reforms.
• Eugenics: Controversial theory that argued for controlling human reproduction to limit the spread of "unfit" traits, influencing immigration policies.

Environmental and Conservation Efforts

• John Muir: Leading environmentalist and founder of the Sierra Club, advocated for the preservation of wilderness against industrial encroachment.
• Gifford Pinchot: Chief forester under Roosevelt who promoted conservation principles, aiming for sustainable use of natural resources.

Key Terms

• Secret Ballot: Introduced in the 1880s to reduce electoral fraud; allowed voters to cast votes privately.
• Recall Elections: Allowed voters to remove elected officials from office before their terms ended, enhancing accountability in governance.

Test your knowledge on key figures and concepts from Chapter 20 of 'The Unfinished Nation' in AP US History. This quiz covers influential muckrakers like Ida Tarbell and Lincoln Steffans, as well as movements like the Social Gospel. Perfect for reviewing essential topics before your exam.