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Questions and Answers
What was the purpose of the Underwood-Simmons Tariff Act of 1913?
What was the purpose of the Underwood-Simmons Tariff Act of 1913?
What significant impact did the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 have on labor unions?
What significant impact did the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 have on labor unions?
It excluded labor unions and agricultural cooperatives from the forbidden combinations in the restraint of trade.
The Adamson Act mandated a ten-hour workday.
The Adamson Act mandated a ten-hour workday.
False
Who was the leader of the forces against Huerta during the Mexican Revolution?
Who was the leader of the forces against Huerta during the Mexican Revolution?
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What was a consequence of the Lusitania incident?
What was a consequence of the Lusitania incident?
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What did the Zimmerman note propose to Mexico?
What did the Zimmerman note propose to Mexico?
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The Creel Committee aimed to promote German propaganda during World War I.
The Creel Committee aimed to promote German propaganda during World War I.
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What was the main goal of the War Industries Board?
What was the main goal of the War Industries Board?
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What were 'meatless Mondays' and 'wheatless Wednesdays' introduced by Herbert Hoover?
What were 'meatless Mondays' and 'wheatless Wednesdays' introduced by Herbert Hoover?
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The Espionage Act allowed the government to impose tariffs on goods during wartime.
The Espionage Act allowed the government to impose tariffs on goods during wartime.
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What did the Sedition Act of 1918 forbid?
What did the Sedition Act of 1918 forbid?
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What were the Fourteen Points?
What were the Fourteen Points?
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What did the Treaty of Versailles require Germany to do?
What did the Treaty of Versailles require Germany to do?
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What was the purpose of the League of Nations?
What was the purpose of the League of Nations?
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Henry Cabot Lodge supported Wilson’s plan for U.S. participation in the League of Nations.
Henry Cabot Lodge supported Wilson’s plan for U.S. participation in the League of Nations.
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Who were the 'Irreconcilables'?
Who were the 'Irreconcilables'?
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Study Notes
Underwood-Simmons Tariff, 1913
- First significant reduction in tariffs since the Civil War.
- Enacted across-the-board tariff cuts, improving manufacturing efficiency and lowering consumer prices.
- Introduced a small graduated income tax to offset lost revenue.
Clayton Antitrust Act (Labor's Magna Carta), 1914
- Expanded Sherman Antitrust Act to enhance regulation of trusts and monopolies.
- Outlawed practices likely to create monopolies without unlawful agreements.
- Exempted labor unions and agricultural cooperatives, legalized strikes and picketing.
Adamson Act, 1916
- Mandated an eight-hour workday for railroad workers with overtime pay.
- Established Congress's power to regulate interstate commerce as a significant victory for labor rights.
Mexican Revolution, Diaz, Huerta, Carranza
- Francisco Diaz ruled Mexico for 34 years, leading to unrest and a mass exodus to the U.S.
- Victoriano Huerta overthrew and murdered Diaz in 1913.
- Venustiano Carranza led resistance against Huerta, leading to instability and distrust between U.S. and Mexico.
Lusitania Incident
- British ship sunk by a German submarine on May 7, 1915, killing 128 Americans.
- Germany warned against passage on British vessels, though the warning arrived too late.
- After prolonged diplomatic negotiations, Germany accepted responsibility and promised reparations.
- The incident heightened American sentiments favoring entry into WWI.
Zimmermann Note
- Telegram sent by German Foreign Secretary Alfred Zimmerman to Mexico on January 16, 1917.
- Proposed a German-Mexican alliance if the U.S. entered the war, promising the return of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.
- The British interception fueled anti-German sentiment and prompted U.S. military readiness.
Creel Committee
- Led by George Creel to promote U.S. involvement in WWI through propaganda.
- Depicted Germans negatively while portraying U.S. as a guardian of justice.
- Utilized various media to bolster war support, contributing to successful fundraising efforts.
War Industries Board
- Chaired by Bernard Baruch, essential for coordinating war production and supplies.
- Encouraged mass production and efficient resource use among manufacturers.
- Established production quotas and became a model for future industrial mobilization.
Herbert Hoover, Food Administration
- Hoover became the head of the American Food Administration in April 1917.
- Created conservation initiatives, like "meatless Mondays" and "wheatless Wednesdays," to minimize food shortages for troops.
- Avoided domestic rationing through voluntary compliance and reduced food consumption.
Espionage Act, 1917
- Enacted under President Wilson to curb dissent during wartime.
- Introduced severe penalties for interfering with troop recruitment or disclosing national defense information.
- Resulted in over 900 imprisonments for violations during its enforcement.
Sedition Act of 1918
- Expanded on the Espionage Act, prohibiting disloyal or abusive language towards the U.S. government.
- Allowed mail censorship for dissenters and led to mass arrests of anti-war activists.
Fourteen Points
- President Wilson's foundational ideas for a post-WWI peace treaty.
- Included principles for self-determination and advocated for the establishment of the League of Nations.
Treaty of Versailles
- Signed on June 28, 1919, at the Palace of Versailles, formally ending WWI.
- Imposed heavy reparations and territorial losses on Germany, along with the admission of guilt for the war.
- Contributed to future tensions as Germany felt unjustly treated, laying groundwork for later conflicts.
League of Nations
- Proposed by Wilson as a global peacekeeping body to prevent future wars.
- Aimed for collective security, disarmament, and resolution of international disputes.
- Represented a significant diplomatic shift away from past isolationist policies.
Henry Cabot Lodge and the Defeat of the League of Nations
- Lodge, a Republican senator, strongly opposed Wilson's League of Nations proposal.
- Introduced amendments that diluted U.S. participation and fostered public opposition to the League.
- Wilson's refusal to compromise led to Congress's failure to ratify U.S. entry into the League.
"Irreconcilables": Borah, Johnson, LaFollette
- A group of 16 senators opposed the Treaty of Versailles based on concerns for American sovereignty.
- Argued that joining the League would restrict U.S. independence in foreign policy.
- Leaders included William Borah, Hiram Johnson, and Robert LaFollette, emphasizing their isolationist stance.
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Description
This quiz includes flashcards that cover the Underwood-Simmons Tariff of 1913, which marked the first successful downward revision of tariffs since the Civil War. Learn about its impact on manufacturers, consumers, and the introduction of the income tax. Perfect for AP U.S. History students seeking to deepen their understanding of early 20th-century economic policies.
