APUSH Flashcards: Underwood-Simmons Tariff

Questions and Answers

What was the purpose of the Underwood-Simmons Tariff Act of 1913?

Establish a graduated income tax

Raise tariffs on imported goods

Reduce tariffs on goods that could be produced cheaply in the U.S.

Both B and C (correct)

What significant impact did the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 have on labor unions?

It excluded labor unions and agricultural cooperatives from the forbidden combinations in the restraint of trade.

The Adamson Act mandated a ten-hour workday.

False

Who was the leader of the forces against Huerta during the Mexican Revolution?

Carranza Signup and view all the answers

What was a consequence of the Lusitania incident?

Demands for diplomacy and reparations from Germany Signup and view all the answers

What did the Zimmerman note propose to Mexico?

That Mexico ally with Germany and launch a pre-emptive strike on the U.S. with promises of regaining territories. Signup and view all the answers

The Creel Committee aimed to promote German propaganda during World War I.

False Signup and view all the answers

What was the main goal of the War Industries Board?

Direct American industries to support the war Signup and view all the answers

What were 'meatless Mondays' and 'wheatless Wednesdays' introduced by Herbert Hoover?

Days encouraged to conserve food for soldiers during WWI. Signup and view all the answers

The Espionage Act allowed the government to impose tariffs on goods during wartime.

False Signup and view all the answers

What did the Sedition Act of 1918 forbid?

Use of disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language against the government. Signup and view all the answers

What were the Fourteen Points?

Wilson's proposals for a peace treaty after WWI including freedom of the seas and the League of Nations. Signup and view all the answers

What did the Treaty of Versailles require Germany to do?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the League of Nations?

To maintain international peace and prevent wars through collective security and diplomacy. Signup and view all the answers

Henry Cabot Lodge supported Wilson’s plan for U.S. participation in the League of Nations.

False Signup and view all the answers

Who were the 'Irreconcilables'?

Both B and C Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Underwood-Simmons Tariff, 1913

First significant reduction in tariffs since the Civil War.
Enacted across-the-board tariff cuts, improving manufacturing efficiency and lowering consumer prices.
Introduced a small graduated income tax to offset lost revenue.

Clayton Antitrust Act (Labor's Magna Carta), 1914

Expanded Sherman Antitrust Act to enhance regulation of trusts and monopolies.
Outlawed practices likely to create monopolies without unlawful agreements.
Exempted labor unions and agricultural cooperatives, legalized strikes and picketing.

Adamson Act, 1916

Mandated an eight-hour workday for railroad workers with overtime pay.
Established Congress's power to regulate interstate commerce as a significant victory for labor rights.

Mexican Revolution, Diaz, Huerta, Carranza

Francisco Diaz ruled Mexico for 34 years, leading to unrest and a mass exodus to the U.S.
Victoriano Huerta overthrew and murdered Diaz in 1913.
Venustiano Carranza led resistance against Huerta, leading to instability and distrust between U.S. and Mexico.

Lusitania Incident

British ship sunk by a German submarine on May 7, 1915, killing 128 Americans.
Germany warned against passage on British vessels, though the warning arrived too late.
After prolonged diplomatic negotiations, Germany accepted responsibility and promised reparations.
The incident heightened American sentiments favoring entry into WWI.

Zimmermann Note

Telegram sent by German Foreign Secretary Alfred Zimmerman to Mexico on January 16, 1917.
Proposed a German-Mexican alliance if the U.S. entered the war, promising the return of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.
The British interception fueled anti-German sentiment and prompted U.S. military readiness.

Creel Committee

Led by George Creel to promote U.S. involvement in WWI through propaganda.
Depicted Germans negatively while portraying U.S. as a guardian of justice.
Utilized various media to bolster war support, contributing to successful fundraising efforts.

War Industries Board

Chaired by Bernard Baruch, essential for coordinating war production and supplies.
Encouraged mass production and efficient resource use among manufacturers.
Established production quotas and became a model for future industrial mobilization.

Herbert Hoover, Food Administration

Hoover became the head of the American Food Administration in April 1917.
Created conservation initiatives, like "meatless Mondays" and "wheatless Wednesdays," to minimize food shortages for troops.
Avoided domestic rationing through voluntary compliance and reduced food consumption.

Espionage Act, 1917

Enacted under President Wilson to curb dissent during wartime.
Introduced severe penalties for interfering with troop recruitment or disclosing national defense information.
Resulted in over 900 imprisonments for violations during its enforcement.

Sedition Act of 1918

Expanded on the Espionage Act, prohibiting disloyal or abusive language towards the U.S. government.
Allowed mail censorship for dissenters and led to mass arrests of anti-war activists.

Fourteen Points

President Wilson's foundational ideas for a post-WWI peace treaty.
Included principles for self-determination and advocated for the establishment of the League of Nations.

Treaty of Versailles

Signed on June 28, 1919, at the Palace of Versailles, formally ending WWI.
Imposed heavy reparations and territorial losses on Germany, along with the admission of guilt for the war.
Contributed to future tensions as Germany felt unjustly treated, laying groundwork for later conflicts.

League of Nations

Proposed by Wilson as a global peacekeeping body to prevent future wars.
Aimed for collective security, disarmament, and resolution of international disputes.
Represented a significant diplomatic shift away from past isolationist policies.

Henry Cabot Lodge and the Defeat of the League of Nations

Lodge, a Republican senator, strongly opposed Wilson's League of Nations proposal.
Introduced amendments that diluted U.S. participation and fostered public opposition to the League.
Wilson's refusal to compromise led to Congress's failure to ratify U.S. entry into the League.

"Irreconcilables": Borah, Johnson, LaFollette

A group of 16 senators opposed the Treaty of Versailles based on concerns for American sovereignty.
Argued that joining the League would restrict U.S. independence in foreign policy.
Leaders included William Borah, Hiram Johnson, and Robert LaFollette, emphasizing their isolationist stance.

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Description

This quiz includes flashcards that cover the Underwood-Simmons Tariff of 1913, which marked the first successful downward revision of tariffs since the Civil War. Learn about its impact on manufacturers, consumers, and the introduction of the income tax. Perfect for AP U.S. History students seeking to deepen their understanding of early 20th-century economic policies.