APUSH Chapter 5 Flashcards

Key Figures and Concepts

• Jonathan Edwards: Influential theologian during the Great Awakening, known for powerful sermons that revitalized religious interest in America.
• Benjamin Franklin: Respected in Europe for his work in electricity; author of the widely-read "Poor Richard's Almanac."
• Michel-Guillaume de Crevecoeur: French settler who questioned the racial identity of what it meant to be an "American."
• George Whitefield: Renowned orator who played a significant role in the Great Awakening, representing the "new lights."
• John Peter Zenger: Newspaper printer whose trial for seditious libel marked a pivotal moment for freedom of the press; defended by Alexander Hamilton.

Literature and Arts

• Phillis Wheatley: Notable Boston slave and poet, published verses in England, showcasing early African American literary contributions.
• John Copley: American painter known for loyalty to the British crown, fled to England during the American Revolution.
• Benjamin West: American painter who sought training and subjects in England.
• John Trumbull: Significant American painter who moved to London due to a lack of artistic culture in Connecticut.
• Charles Peale: Renowned for his portraits of George Washington; also involved in taxonomy and dentistry.

Social and Political Movements

• Paxton Boys: Scots-Irish group protesting Quaker policies towards Native Americans, leading to the Regulator Movement in North Carolina.
• Great Awakening: Period of religious revival marked by passionate preaching and a surge in evangelical fervor.
• Regulator Movement: Scots-Irish dissenters in North Carolina who criticized unfair tax distribution.
• Old Lights vs. New Lights: Old Lights opposed emotionalism of the Great Awakening; New Lights embraced it, seeing it as reinvigoration of faith.

Legal and Cultural Issues

• Libel and Slander: Legal terms for damaging someone's reputation through false publications (libel) or verbal attacks (slander).
• Seditious Libel: Crime of publicly criticizing government officials.
• Triangular Trade: Profitable trade route involving America, the West Indies, and Africa, particularly lucrative after Royal African Company's decline.
• Molasses Act: British act aimed at curtailing trade with the French West Indies, which led to widespread smuggling.

Cultural Diversity

• Scots-Irish: Migrant group known for their restlessness and distinct culture, often among the poorer classes in America.
• Pennsylvania Dutch: German immigrants in Pennsylvania seeking refuge from religious persecution; misnamed as "Dutch" from "Deutsch."
• French Huguenots: Protestant refugees from France escaping religious persecution.
• Jayle Birds: Convicts sent to America under the penal code, included both serious criminals and wrongfully accused individuals.

Religious Institutions and Social Structures

• Congregational Church: Offshoot of Puritanism emphasizing self-governance among individual churches, prevalent in New England.
• Established Churches: Tax-funded churches like the Anglican and Congregational churches, highlighting the intersection of religion and government.
• Almshouses: Institutions in Philadelphia and New York dedicated to supporting widows and orphans.

Additional Concepts

• Gentry: The elite class holding considerable power in society.
• Veto: Power to reject legislation or decisions.
• Secular: Refers to non-religious aspects of society.
• Melting Pot: Metaphor for a society with diverse cultural backgrounds.
• Stratification: Hierarchical arrangement of social classes.
• Revival Meeting: Gatherings aimed at rekindling religious enthusiasm.
• Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God: Famous sermon by Jonathan Edwards warning of the dangers of sin.
• Fervid: Characterized by intense emotion, often used to describe religious fervor.
• Pugnacious: Describes individuals with a tendency toward conflict or fighting.