Questions and Answers
Who was an American theologian whose sermons stimulated the Great Awakening?
What was Benjamin Franklin primarily known for?
His discoveries in electricity and as the author of Poor Richard's Almanac.
Who posed the classic question on the racial identity of an 'American'?
Michel-Guillaume de Crevecoeur.
What was George Whitefield's contribution during the Great Awakening?
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Who was John Peter Zenger?
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What is a key characteristic of Phillis Wheatley?
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What was John Copley known for?
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What role did Benjamin West play in American art?
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Who was John Trumbull?
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What is the significance of the term 'Popery'?
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What does 'libel' refer to in a historical context?
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Who were the Paxton Boys?
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What was the Great Awakening?
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What does 'seditious libel' mean?
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What was the Triangular Trade?
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What was the purpose of the Molasses Act?
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What is meant by 'Scots-Irish'?
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Who were the French Huguenots?
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What does the term 'Gentry' refer to?
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What is the meaning of 'secular'?
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What does 'revival meeting' mean?
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What was 'Poor Richard's Almanac'?
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What is 'stratification' in social context?
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Who is associated with the phrase 'Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God'?
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Study Notes
Key Figures and Concepts
- Jonathan Edwards: Influential theologian during the Great Awakening, known for powerful sermons that revitalized religious interest in America.
- Benjamin Franklin: Respected in Europe for his work in electricity; author of the widely-read "Poor Richard's Almanac."
- Michel-Guillaume de Crevecoeur: French settler who questioned the racial identity of what it meant to be an "American."
- George Whitefield: Renowned orator who played a significant role in the Great Awakening, representing the "new lights."
- John Peter Zenger: Newspaper printer whose trial for seditious libel marked a pivotal moment for freedom of the press; defended by Alexander Hamilton.
Literature and Arts
- Phillis Wheatley: Notable Boston slave and poet, published verses in England, showcasing early African American literary contributions.
- John Copley: American painter known for loyalty to the British crown, fled to England during the American Revolution.
- Benjamin West: American painter who sought training and subjects in England.
- John Trumbull: Significant American painter who moved to London due to a lack of artistic culture in Connecticut.
- Charles Peale: Renowned for his portraits of George Washington; also involved in taxonomy and dentistry.
Social and Political Movements
- Paxton Boys: Scots-Irish group protesting Quaker policies towards Native Americans, leading to the Regulator Movement in North Carolina.
- Great Awakening: Period of religious revival marked by passionate preaching and a surge in evangelical fervor.
- Regulator Movement: Scots-Irish dissenters in North Carolina who criticized unfair tax distribution.
- Old Lights vs. New Lights: Old Lights opposed emotionalism of the Great Awakening; New Lights embraced it, seeing it as reinvigoration of faith.
Legal and Cultural Issues
- Libel and Slander: Legal terms for damaging someone's reputation through false publications (libel) or verbal attacks (slander).
- Seditious Libel: Crime of publicly criticizing government officials.
- Triangular Trade: Profitable trade route involving America, the West Indies, and Africa, particularly lucrative after Royal African Company's decline.
- Molasses Act: British act aimed at curtailing trade with the French West Indies, which led to widespread smuggling.
Cultural Diversity
- Scots-Irish: Migrant group known for their restlessness and distinct culture, often among the poorer classes in America.
- Pennsylvania Dutch: German immigrants in Pennsylvania seeking refuge from religious persecution; misnamed as "Dutch" from "Deutsch."
- French Huguenots: Protestant refugees from France escaping religious persecution.
- Jayle Birds: Convicts sent to America under the penal code, included both serious criminals and wrongfully accused individuals.
Religious Institutions and Social Structures
- Congregational Church: Offshoot of Puritanism emphasizing self-governance among individual churches, prevalent in New England.
- Established Churches: Tax-funded churches like the Anglican and Congregational churches, highlighting the intersection of religion and government.
- Almshouses: Institutions in Philadelphia and New York dedicated to supporting widows and orphans.
Additional Concepts
- Gentry: The elite class holding considerable power in society.
- Veto: Power to reject legislation or decisions.
- Secular: Refers to non-religious aspects of society.
- Melting Pot: Metaphor for a society with diverse cultural backgrounds.
- Stratification: Hierarchical arrangement of social classes.
- Revival Meeting: Gatherings aimed at rekindling religious enthusiasm.
- Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God: Famous sermon by Jonathan Edwards warning of the dangers of sin.
- Fervid: Characterized by intense emotion, often used to describe religious fervor.
- Pugnacious: Describes individuals with a tendency toward conflict or fighting.
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Description
Test your knowledge of key figures and concepts from APUSH Chapter 5. This set of flashcards covers important personalities like Jonathan Edwards and Benjamin Franklin, along with their contributions to American history. Perfect for studying the Great Awakening and early American thought.
