APUSH Chapter 37 Flashcards

Johnson continued many Kennedy policies upon taking office, maintaining the previous administration's team.
Focused on civil rights legislation, targeting racial discrimination and segregation, leading to the Civil Rights Act.
Introduced affirmative action and initiated the War on Poverty, creating the Great Society with social reform programs.
Notable achievements included Medicare, Medicaid, education aid, and immigration reform, which increased immigration from Latin America and Asia.

Johnson emerged as the Democratic candidate, countered by Republican Barry Goldwater, who represented a conservative movement.
Goldwater's platform embraced radical conservatism, opposing federal income tax, social security, and civil rights initiatives.
Johnson's strategic use of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution expanded presidential war powers, leading to significant support from the electorate.
Johnson won decisively, capturing legislative majorities in both Congressional houses.

A surge of Democratic legislation emerged during Johnson’s presidency, leading to substantial government expansion.
Created Departments of Transportation and Housing and Urban Development, with Robert C. Weaver becoming the first Black cabinet member.
Major legislation included the establishment of Medicare/Medicaid and the Voting Rights Act, which effectively outlawed discriminatory practices.
The Immigration and Nationality Act eliminated quota systems, fostering family unification and immigration growth.

Efforts to secure voting rights continued, facing obstacles like poll taxes and literacy tests.
The 24th Amendment abolished poll taxes while Freedom Summer aimed to increase black voter registration.
After violent incidents in Mississippi, LBJ pushed for the Voting Rights Act to protect and facilitate voter registration.
Despite progress, systemic oppression remained, prompting increased migration of Black Americans back to the South.

The Watts riots highlighted civil unrest and dissatisfaction post Voting Rights Act.
Leaders like Malcolm X and organizations like the Black Panthers advocated for more militant responses to racial injustices.
The Black Power movement emphasized cultural distinctiveness and provoked a backlash from white communities.
Following MLK's assassination, unrest and riots erupted across major cities, reflecting deep-seated racial tensions.

Johnson escalated involvement in Vietnam, initiating bombing campaigns with Operation Rolling Thunder.
Domestic opposition to the war grew, fueled by televised hearings revealing the government's misleading narratives.
The Tet Offensive in 1968 marked a turning point, shocking the American public despite military claims of success.
Increasingly alienated from his party, LBJ ultimately announced he would not seek re-election.

Post-Kennedy assassination, the Democratic Party faced internal strife and protests against the Vietnam War.
Nixon secured the Republican nomination while Humphrey won the Democratic nomination amid controversy.
George Wallace performed well as a third-party candidate, capitalizing on his segregationist platform.
Despite winning the electoral vote, Nixon lacked support in major urban areas due to disapproval from Black voters.

A notable generational shift occurred, with youth movements challenging authority and conservative values.
The protest culture expanded, driven by anti-war sentiments and the counterculture associated with figures like the Beatles.
The sexual revolution emerged, seeking greater tolerance and rights, particularly for LGBTQ communities.
Significant social movements were fueled by disillusionment with war and governmental authority.

Nixon's Vietnamization sought to reduce American troop presence while bolstering the South Vietnamese forces.
The concept of the Nixon Doctrine emphasized that allies should handle their own military conflicts.
Domestic dissent continued to rise as the war's unpopularity peaked, especially following events like the My Lai Massacre.

Nixon ordered attacks in Cambodia under the pretense of targeting North Vietnamese sanctuaries.
The Kent State shooting led to national outrage and intensified anti-war sentiment.
The War Powers Act was enacted, requiring presidential oversight and accountability regarding military engagements abroad.

The Cold War dynamics shifted as Nixon engaged in diplomatic overtures towards China and the Soviet Union.
His administration sought détente, reducing tensions through arms control agreements and diplomatic relations.
The complexities of these relationships invariably affected American foreign policy strategies in subsequent conflicts.

Nixon maintained and expanded welfare programs while implementing affirmative action guidelines.
Environmental initiatives marked the establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency and legislation for clean air and consumer safety.
Economic challenges prompted Nixon to freeze wages and prices, pivoting away from a gold standard monetary policy.

Nixon leveraged claims of winding down the Vietnam War in his campaign against McGovern.
The election showcased a divided Democratic Party, with McGovern appealing to minority and anti-war voters but struggling with working-class appeal.
Following a landslide victory, Nixon's administration faced scrutiny over ongoing military engagements and civil unrest.

The 1973 Arab oil embargo sparked significant economic turmoil in the U.S.
Energy conservation efforts emerged in response to rising oil prices and inflationary pressures, impacting national policy directions.