APUSH Chapter 13 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What was the corrupt bargain in the election of 1824?

Henry Clay convinced the House to elect John Quincy Adams in exchange for a position. (correct)

John Quincy Adams was elected after securing a majority of electoral votes.

The election was decided by the Senate.

Andrew Jackson was elected with the majority of votes.

Who won the election of 1828?

Henry Clay

Martin Van Buren

John Quincy Adams

Andrew Jackson (correct)

What does the spoils system refer to?

The system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power.

What was the Tariff of Abominations?

A tariff passed by Congress in 1828 that favored manufacturing in the North and was hated by the South. Signup and view all the answers

What was the main argument of The South Carolina Exposition?

States can nullify federal laws deemed unconstitutional. Signup and view all the answers

Who was John C. Calhoun?

The 7th Vice President of the United States and a leading Southern politician who advocated for states' rights and slavery. Signup and view all the answers

The Nullification Crisis involved South Carolina's threat to ______.

secede Signup and view all the answers

What did the Whig Party stand for?

Support for national banking and federal aid for internal improvements. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Martin Van Buren?

The eighth president of the United States who was experienced in legislative and administrative life. Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the Specie Circular?

To require that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie (gold or silver). Signup and view all the answers

What period is known as the Era of Good Feelings?

A time of strong nationalism under President Monroe. Signup and view all the answers

What significant treaty did John Quincy Adams help draft?

The Adams-Onis Treaty. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term Old Hickory refer to?

A nickname given to President Andrew Jackson. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Denmark Vesey?

A mulatto who inspired a slave rebellion in Charleston. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Compromise Tariff of 1833?

A new tariff that gradually lowered tariffs to the level of the tariff of 1816. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Force Bill?

A bill that authorized President Andrew Jackson's use of force to execute laws. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Indian Removal Act of 1830?

An act that authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes east of the Mississippi. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Trail of Tears?

The forced relocation of the Cherokee Indians, resulting in many deaths. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Bureau of Indian Affairs?

A government agency created to oversee federal policy toward Native Americans. Signup and view all the answers

Who led the Black Hawk War?

Chief Black Hawk of the Sauk tribe. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Seminole War?

A conflict that began in Florida in 1817 between the Seminole Indians and the U.S. Army. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Bank of the United States?

A bank proposed by Alexander Hamilton to stabilize and improve the nation’s credit. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Nicholas Biddle?

The president of the Bank of the United States known for his role during the bank war. Signup and view all the answers

What significant event took place during the Election of 1832?

Jackson ran against Henry Clay and won. Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of Biddle's Panic?

A minor financial crisis called by Biddle to demonstrate his bank's importance. Signup and view all the answers

What are pet banks?

State banks selected by the federal government to receive deposits. Signup and view all the answers

What were wildcat banks?

Unstable banking institutions that issued unsecured paper money. Signup and view all the answers

What caused the Panic of 1819?

Economic panic caused by speculation and a decline in European demand for American goods. Signup and view all the answers

What triggered the Panic of 1837?

The collapse of state banks after Jackson issued the Specie Circular. Signup and view all the answers

What did the Divorce Bill accomplish?

It separated the government from banking. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Erie Canal?

A canal completed in 1825 connecting Albany and Buffalo. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Missouri Compromise?

An agreement to admit Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state. Signup and view all the answers

What did John Marshall contribute to U.S. law?

He created the precedent of judicial review. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Treaty of 1818?

A treaty allowing joint occupation of the Oregon Territory and sharing fisheries with Canada. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Key Events in Early American Politics

Corrupt Bargain: In 1824, the election was decided by the House of Representatives when no candidate secured a majority. John Quincy Adams was elected over Andrew Jackson, aided by Henry Clay's influence.
Election of 1828: Andrew Jackson won decisively against John Quincy Adams, with 178 electoral votes versus 83, marking a significant victory for the emerging national party system.

Policy and Political Systems

Spoils System: Implemented by Andrew Jackson, this system rewarded political supporters with government positions, prioritizing loyalty over merit.
Tariff of Abominations: A protective tariff enacted in 1828 that favored Northern manufacturing, leading to significant resentment in the Southern states.
The South Carolina Exposition: Authored anonymously by John C. Calhoun, advocating for the nullification of federal laws deemed unconstitutional.

John C. Calhoun and States’ Rights

John C. Calhoun: Vice President under Jackson, prominent advocate for slavery and states' rights; published the South Carolina Exposition defending the idea of nullification.
Nullification Crisis: Triggered by Southern opposition to the Tariff of Abominations, leading South Carolina to threaten secession; Jackson responded with the Force Bill to assert federal authority.

Political Parties and Elections

Whig Party: Formed in the 1830s to oppose Jackson, standing for protective tariffs, national banking, and infrastructure improvements.
Election of 1832: Andrew Jackson faced off against Henry Clay, winning re-election. This marked the first occurrence of a third party, the Anti-Masonic Party, engaging in a significant election.

Economic Policies and Crises

Specie Circular: Issued in 1836 to curb land speculation, requiring payment for public lands in gold or silver; this led to a severe drop in land sales and contributed to the Panic of 1837.
Panic of 1837: Economic downturn resulting from Jackson's withdrawal of federal funds from the Bank of the U.S., leading to many bank failures and widespread unemployment.

Native American Policies

Indian Removal Act (1830): Authorized negotiations for land exchanges with Native American tribes east of the Mississippi, leading to forced migrations.
Trail of Tears: The forced relocation of the Cherokee, resulting in over 4,000 deaths during the arduous journey to designated Indian Territory.

Key Figures in American Expansion

Stephen Austin: Referred to as the "Father of Texas," led the settlement of Americans in Texas.
Santa Anna: Mexican dictator captured at the Battle of San Jacinto, resulting in Texas's independence.
Davy Crockett: Bear-hunting frontiersman known for his role at the Alamo; executed by Santa Anna following the battle.

National Infrastructure and Culture

Erie Canal: Completed in 1825, this canal revolutionized transportation and trade, connecting the Atlantic Ocean with the Great Lakes.
Cumberland Road: The first major federally funded road, facilitating westward expansion and commerce.
American System: Proposed by Henry Clay to boost the economy through tariffs, a national bank, and federal funding for internal improvements.

Judicial and Legislative Milestones

Missouri Compromise: Established a balance between slave and free states by admitting Maine and Missouri in 1820 and drawing a line across the Louisiana Territory.
John Marshall: Chief Justice whose rulings established key principles of federal power and judicial review.

Significant Wars and Conflicts

Black Hawk War: Conflict between U.S. forces and Native tribes in the 1830s, resulting in the removal of the Sauk and Fox tribes from Illinois.
Seminole War: Armed resistance in Florida against the U.S. government’s efforts to remove the Seminole Indians.

These notes encapsulate critical events and concepts from early American history, highlighting their impact on the nation’s development.

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Test your knowledge of key concepts from Chapter 13 of 'The American Pageant' in APUSH. These flashcards cover important events and figures, including the notable 'Corrupt Bargain' of 1824. Perfect for preparing for exams or deepening your understanding of American history.