APUSH Amsco Chapter 22 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Who was Archduke Franz Ferdinand?

An Italian diplomat

A German general

Heir to the Austria-Hungarian throne (correct)

A Russian tsar

What did the Austrian Ultimatum to Serbia ask for?

Unfair concessions and a 48-hour response time.

What was the Triple Alliance?

A military alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.

What was the Triple Entente?

A military alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia. Signup and view all the answers

Who were the Allies during World War I?

Britain, France, Russia Signup and view all the answers

What were the Central Powers?

Austria-Hungary, Germany, and the Ottoman Empire. Signup and view all the answers

What is Moral Diplomacy?

A foreign policy proposed by President Wilson to condemn imperialism. Signup and view all the answers

What did the Jones Act of 1916 provide for the Philippines?

Full territorial status and universal male suffrage. Signup and view all the answers

What happened in 1914 regarding Puerto Ricans?

They were granted U.S. citizenship. Signup and view all the answers

What did the 1912 Panama Canal Tolls act do?

Exempted U.S. ships from paying tolls when crossing the Panama Canal. Signup and view all the answers

What role did Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan have?

He supported expansion and negotiated treaties. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Gentleman's Agreement?

An informal agreement between the U.S. and Japan. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Root-Takahira Agreement?

An agreement between Japan and America to respect each other's territorial claims. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Great White Fleet?

A group of 16 American battleships sent around the world. Signup and view all the answers

How did Wilson view Latin America?

He held anti-imperialist ideas but got involved for economic interests. Signup and view all the answers

What significant action did Wilson take in Haiti?

He sent in the Marines to assume control. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty?

An agreement recognizing U.S. Sphere of Influence over the Panama Canal zone. Signup and view all the answers

What led to tensions between the U.S. and the Dominican Republic?

Imposed financial restrictions by the U.S. Signup and view all the answers

What event escalated tensions with Mexico in 1914?

The arrest of American sailors. Signup and view all the answers

What was the ABC intervention?

The Consultation, Non-Aggression and Arbitration Pact among Argentina, Brazil, and Chile. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Pancho Villa?

A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution. Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the War Industries Board?

To increase efficiency and discourage waste in war-related industries. Signup and view all the answers

What did the Food Administration aim to achieve?

Increase food production and rationing for the military. Signup and view all the answers

What were Liberty Bonds?

Bonds purchased by citizens to fund the war effort. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Sedition Act of 1918?

An act that covered disloyal or abusive language about the government. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Selective Service Act of 1917?

A law requiring men aged 21 to 30 to register for the draft. Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Schenck v. United States case?

The conviction of a socialist urging resistance to the draft was upheld. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Battle of the Argonne Forest?

Last major battle US was a part of, bloodiest battle in history. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following were weapons used in World War I? (Select all that apply)

Machine Guns Signup and view all the answers

What were the U.S. casualties in World War I?

49,000 in combat deaths; 112,432 due to disease and flu epidemic. Signup and view all the answers

What does demobilization refer to?

The act of changing from a war basis to a peace basis including disbanding or discharging troops. Signup and view all the answers

What was The Red Scare?

A period of fear of a communist revolution in America. Signup and view all the answers

What were the Palmer Raids?

A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer against suspected radicals. Signup and view all the answers

What was the main issue of the 1919 Steel Strike?

Workers wanted to cut the workday from 12 hours to 8 hours. Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Great Seattle Strike?

It was the first major strike of 1919, where unionists and shipyard workers demanded higher pay. Signup and view all the answers

What triggered the Chicago race riot?

An incident at a beach led to violence between black and white gangs. Signup and view all the answers

What were the Fourteen Points?

War aims outlined by President Wilson calling for lasting peace. Signup and view all the answers

What were the main terms of the Treaty of Versailles?

Stripped Germany of military forces, made it pay reparations, acknowledged guilt for WWI. Signup and view all the answers

What did Article X of the Versailles Treaty entail?

It morally bound the U.S. to aid any League of Nations member facing external aggression. Signup and view all the answers

Who were the Big Four?

Italy, France, England, and the U.S. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Henry Cabot Lodge?

A Republican senator who opposed the Versailles Treaty. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following groups related to the Treaty of Versailles:

Irreconcilables = Senators who opposed the Treaty entirely Reservationists = Senators who supported the Treaty with reservations Signup and view all the answers

What was Wilson's tour about?

A western tour to rally public support for his policy on the Treaty. Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the rejection of the Treaty?

The Senate voted twice on the Treaty and defeated it both times. Signup and view all the answers

What were the main issues of the Election of 1920? (Select all that apply)

League of Nations Signup and view all the answers

Who was Warren Harding?

The 29th president of the US, Republican; preached 'Return to Normalcy'. Signup and view all the answers

What characterized Calvin Coolidge's presidency?

Conservative policies and a laissez-faire attitude towards government. Signup and view all the answers

What was the consequence of public disillusionment over the war?

It allowed the return of the conservative Republicans. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Association of Nations?

A new type of standing international organization for cooperation and security. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Prelude to War

Archduke Franz Ferdinand's assassination in Sarajevo ignited World War I.
The Austrian Ultimatum demanded Serbia make unfair concessions within 48 hours, leading to Serbia's partial compliance but refusal to allow Austrian observers.

Alliances

The Triple Alliance comprised Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy; contrasted by the Triple Entente of Great Britain, France, and Russia.
Allies included Britain, France, Russia, and, later, Italy; while Central Powers were Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire.

U.S. Foreign Policy

Moral Diplomacy, proposed by President Wilson, aimed to promote democracy and peace.
The Jones Act of 1916 granted the Philippines full territorial status with a bill of rights and a commitment to independence once stable governance was achieved.

Caribbean and Latin America Relations

Citizenship was granted to Puerto Ricans in 1914, while the U.S. purchased the Virgin Islands from Denmark in 1917.
Tensions with Japan rose over immigration policies, leading to the Gentleman's Agreement halting Japanese immigration into the U.S.

Military and Economic Engagement

The U.S. exhibited naval strength through the Great White Fleet, showcasing military power worldwide.
The Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901) solidified U.S. control over the Panama Canal zone under a neutral stance.

Wilson’s Actions in Latin America

Wilson showed anti-imperialist sentiments but intervened when economic interests were threatened, particularly in Haiti and the Dominican Republic.
He initially hesitated to involve U.S. troops in Mexican conflicts despite internal unrest, eventually sending troops to pursue Pancho Villa.

Domestic Affairs and Military Mobilization

The American Expeditionary Force saw about 2 million troops under General Pershing serve in WWI, featuring regular, National Guard, and volunteer divisions.
The Selective Service Act of 1917 mandated military registration for men aged 21 to 30, fulfilling troop shortages despite initial voluntary enlistment.

War Propaganda and Public Sentiment

British propaganda effectively swayed American public opinion against Germany, amplifying reports of atrocities.
The Espionage Act (1917) and Sedition Act (1918) suppressed dissent, making it illegal to criticize the war effort or the government.

Economic Contributions to the War

The War Industries Board, led by Bernard Baruch, coordinated production efficiency while the Food Administration, under Herbert Hoover, ensured food supply for troops.
The government sold Liberty Bonds and increased taxes, including excise taxes on luxuries, to fund military operations.

The war effort saw women entering the workforce, filling roles left by men, while African American troops, including the Harlem Hellfighters, earned notable recognition.
The Great Migration transformed urban demographics as millions of African Americans relocated from the South to Northern cities for better opportunities.

Battles and Outcomes

Significant conflicts included the Second Battle of the Marne, where U.S. forces played a pivotal role in halting German advances, and the Battle of the Argonne Forest, noted as the bloodiest battle with the ultimate forcing of Germany into an armistice.
U.S. casualties totaled 49,000 in combat, with additional deaths from disease and illness during the war effort.

Post-War Tensions

The Red Scare fueled fears of communism, leading to the Palmer Raids in 1920 targeting suspected radicals.
Economic disputes continued with events like the 1919 Steel Strike, which saw massive participation as workers demanded better conditions.### Chicago Race Riot
Racial tensions escalated when black populations moved into white neighborhoods, impacting job markets.
The riot was sparked by an incident at a beach, resulting in violence between black and white gangs.
Death toll included 15 whites and 23 blacks.

Fourteen Points

Outlined by President Wilson in 1918 to achieve lasting peace post-WWI.
Key principles included self-determination, freedom of the seas, and free trade.
Advocated for the reduction of arms, an end to secret agreements, and established a League of Nations.

Treaty of Versailles

Signed in 1918 by victorious Allied nations including France, Britain, and the US.
Comprehensive terms: disbandment of the German military, reparations of $33 billion, acknowledgment of guilt for WWI, and a ban on weapon manufacturing in Germany.

Article X

A component of the Versailles Treaty obligating the U.S. to support League of Nations members against external aggression.

The Big Four

Refers to the four principal leaders at the Versailles negotiations: Italy, France, England, and the United States.

Henry Cabot Lodge

Republican senator opposed to the Versailles Treaty, especially critical of the League of Nations’ protective clause.
Served as Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee.

Irreconcilables and Reservationists

Senators were divided over the acceptance of the Treaty of Versailles, reflecting differing views on international engagement.

Wilson's Tour

President Wilson embarked on a Western tour to garner public support for his foreign policy initiatives.

Rejection of Treaty

The Senate voted twice on the Treaty of Versailles, leading to its defeat.
Democrats supported the treaty with reservations, while Wilson's refusal to accept reservations led to its collapse.

Election of 1920

Warren G. Harding (Republican) faced James Cox (Democrat); central issues included post-WWI challenges and the League of Nations.
Harding's campaign centered around the theme of "Normalcy".

Warren Harding

29th President of the U.S. who advocated for a return to pre-WWI life.
His presidency was overshadowed by scandals and controversies.

Calvin Coolidge

Served as President from 1923-1929, known for his conservative, laissez-faire approach.
Advocated for immigration restrictions and reduced tax burdens.
Significant legislation included the Bonus Bill (passed despite his veto) and the Revenue Act of 1924.

Old Guard

Refers to the resurgence of conservative Republicans following public disillusionment with wartime policies.

Association of Nations

An early concept of an international organization aimed at promoting cooperation among nations to ensure peace and security.

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Test your knowledge of key terms and events from Chapter 22 of the Amsco APUSH book. This quiz covers important historical figures and significant alliances that contributed to the onset of World War I. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of U.S. history during this critical period.