Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the first step in the approach to disruptive behavior described in the text?
What is the first step in the approach to disruptive behavior described in the text?
Which of the following is NOT a medical cause of disruptive behavior mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is NOT a medical cause of disruptive behavior mentioned in the text?
What is the recommended dose of haloperidol for patients over 65 years old?
What is the recommended dose of haloperidol for patients over 65 years old?
What is the preferable approach in terms of medications for subduing geriatric patients?
What is the preferable approach in terms of medications for subduing geriatric patients?
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If a patient under 65 years old requires further sedation after maximum doses of midazolam, what action should be considered?
If a patient under 65 years old requires further sedation after maximum doses of midazolam, what action should be considered?
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What assessments are recommended to be obtained if possible in the described approach to disruptive behavior?
What assessments are recommended to be obtained if possible in the described approach to disruptive behavior?
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What is the maximum recommended total dose of midazolam for a patient under 65 years old?
What is the maximum recommended total dose of midazolam for a patient under 65 years old?
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What is the recommended maximum total dose of haloperidol for a patient under 65 years old?
What is the recommended maximum total dose of haloperidol for a patient under 65 years old?
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If a patient under 65 requires further sedation after maximum doses of midazolam and haloperidol, which of the following is NOT recommended in the text?
If a patient under 65 requires further sedation after maximum doses of midazolam and haloperidol, which of the following is NOT recommended in the text?
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Based on the information provided, which of the following statements is correct regarding the recommended approach for geriatric patients?
Based on the information provided, which of the following statements is correct regarding the recommended approach for geriatric patients?
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Which of the following medical conditions is NOT listed as a potential cause of disruptive behavior in the text?
Which of the following medical conditions is NOT listed as a potential cause of disruptive behavior in the text?
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According to the information provided, what is the maximum recommended total dose of ketamine for a patient under 65 years old?
According to the information provided, what is the maximum recommended total dose of ketamine for a patient under 65 years old?
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If a patient under 65 years old has received the maximum doses of midazolam and haloperidol but remains inadequately controlled, what additional medication should be considered?
If a patient under 65 years old has received the maximum doses of midazolam and haloperidol but remains inadequately controlled, what additional medication should be considered?
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What is the recommended maximum total dose of ketamine for a patient under 65 years old?
What is the recommended maximum total dose of ketamine for a patient under 65 years old?
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If a patient over 65 years old requires additional sedation after the initial dose of haloperidol and midazolam, which medication should be administered next?
If a patient over 65 years old requires additional sedation after the initial dose of haloperidol and midazolam, which medication should be administered next?
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Which of the following medical conditions is listed as a potential cause of disruptive behavior?
Which of the following medical conditions is listed as a potential cause of disruptive behavior?
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For a patient under 65 years old, what is the maximum recommended total dose of midazolam administered intramuscularly (IM)?
For a patient under 65 years old, what is the maximum recommended total dose of midazolam administered intramuscularly (IM)?
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Based on the information provided, which of the following statements is correct regarding the use of ketamine in patients over 65 years old?
Based on the information provided, which of the following statements is correct regarding the use of ketamine in patients over 65 years old?
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For a patient under 65 years old exhibiting disruptive behavior, what is the recommended initial dose and route of administration for midazolam?
For a patient under 65 years old exhibiting disruptive behavior, what is the recommended initial dose and route of administration for midazolam?
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If a patient under 65 years old requires additional sedation after reaching the maximum doses of midazolam and haloperidol, which medication is NOT recommended in the text?
If a patient under 65 years old requires additional sedation after reaching the maximum doses of midazolam and haloperidol, which medication is NOT recommended in the text?
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Based on the information provided, which of the following statements about the use of ketamine in patients over 65 years old is correct?
Based on the information provided, which of the following statements about the use of ketamine in patients over 65 years old is correct?
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According to the information provided, what is the maximum recommended total dose of haloperidol for a patient under 65 years old exhibiting disruptive behavior?
According to the information provided, what is the maximum recommended total dose of haloperidol for a patient under 65 years old exhibiting disruptive behavior?
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Which of the following medical conditions is NOT listed as a potential cause of disruptive behavior in the provided text?
Which of the following medical conditions is NOT listed as a potential cause of disruptive behavior in the provided text?
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Based on the information provided, which of the following statements regarding the recommended approach for geriatric patients (over 65 years old) is correct?
Based on the information provided, which of the following statements regarding the recommended approach for geriatric patients (over 65 years old) is correct?
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What is the purpose of this operational protocol?
What is the purpose of this operational protocol?
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What is the difference between non-conveyance and patient refusal?
What is the difference between non-conveyance and patient refusal?
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What happens in a patient refusal situation?
What happens in a patient refusal situation?
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What is the patient's right in a patient refusal situation?
What is the patient's right in a patient refusal situation?
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What is the goal of the ATR algorithm?
What is the goal of the ATR algorithm?
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What is the outcome of patient refusal?
What is the outcome of patient refusal?
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Who can refuse EMS care and/or transport?
Who can refuse EMS care and/or transport?
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What determines a patient's capacity to refuse care?
What determines a patient's capacity to refuse care?
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What should EMS practitioners do when a patient refuses care and/or transport?
What should EMS practitioners do when a patient refuses care and/or transport?
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What is the purpose of a Form 10 issued by a peace officer?
What is the purpose of a Form 10 issued by a peace officer?
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What should EMS practitioners do when a patient is uncooperative or attempting to flee?
What should EMS practitioners do when a patient is uncooperative or attempting to flee?
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What is the purpose of a Patient Medical Release?
What is the purpose of a Patient Medical Release?
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When can EMS practitioners treat and transport patients without their consent?
When can EMS practitioners treat and transport patients without their consent?
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Who can issue a Form 1?
Who can issue a Form 1?
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What should EMS practitioners do when a patient refuses care and/or transport?
What should EMS practitioners do when a patient refuses care and/or transport?
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What is the purpose of Goals of Care Designation Order?
What is the purpose of Goals of Care Designation Order?
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What is the primary responsibility of the practitioner in providing patient care?
What is the primary responsibility of the practitioner in providing patient care?
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What should a practitioner do when a patient refuses care and/or transport and demonstrates capacity?
What should a practitioner do when a patient refuses care and/or transport and demonstrates capacity?
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What is a high-risk criterion that may require Mandatory Online Medical Consultation (OLMC) during patient assessment?
What is a high-risk criterion that may require Mandatory Online Medical Consultation (OLMC) during patient assessment?
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What should a practitioner document in the Patient Care Record when a patient refuses care and/or transport?
What should a practitioner document in the Patient Care Record when a patient refuses care and/or transport?
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What should a practitioner do when a patient refuses care and/or transport and demonstrates lack of capacity?
What should a practitioner do when a patient refuses care and/or transport and demonstrates lack of capacity?
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What should a practitioner provide to the patient when they refuse care and/or transport?
What should a practitioner provide to the patient when they refuse care and/or transport?
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Why is it important to document the patient's refusal of care and/or transport?
Why is it important to document the patient's refusal of care and/or transport?
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What is the purpose of contacting OLMC during patient assessment?
What is the purpose of contacting OLMC during patient assessment?
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What should a practitioner do when a patient has a history of significant submersion injury?
What should a practitioner do when a patient has a history of significant submersion injury?
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What should a practitioner document in the EMS Refusal of Care and/or Transport Record?
What should a practitioner document in the EMS Refusal of Care and/or Transport Record?
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What are the three conditions that must be met under the Mental Health Act of Alberta to allow for involuntary detention, transport, and treatment of a person?
What are the three conditions that must be met under the Mental Health Act of Alberta to allow for involuntary detention, transport, and treatment of a person?
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What form does a law enforcement officer complete when detaining a person for a mental health assessment?
What form does a law enforcement officer complete when detaining a person for a mental health assessment?
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Who can authorize EMS to treat or transport non-consenting patients?
Who can authorize EMS to treat or transport non-consenting patients?
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What is a characteristic of a mental disorder?
What is a characteristic of a mental disorder?
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What is a consideration when assessing a patient with altered mental status?
What is a consideration when assessing a patient with altered mental status?
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What should EMS practitioners do if a patient refuses transport?
What should EMS practitioners do if a patient refuses transport?
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Which of the following is a criterion for determining a patient's competence to make decisions about their own care?
Which of the following is a criterion for determining a patient's competence to make decisions about their own care?
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What is a potential underlying medical cause of acute anxiety and other disorders?
What is a potential underlying medical cause of acute anxiety and other disorders?
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What medication is considered for acute anxiety in the text?
What medication is considered for acute anxiety in the text?
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What is an indication that a patient's agitation and anxiety may be caused by an underlying medical condition?
What is an indication that a patient's agitation and anxiety may be caused by an underlying medical condition?
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What is the primary goal of the treatment approach in the text?
What is the primary goal of the treatment approach in the text?
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What is the role of hospital security personnel in the treatment approach?
What is the role of hospital security personnel in the treatment approach?
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Which of the following is a differential diagnosis for a patient presenting with dyspnea and hyperventilation?
Which of the following is a differential diagnosis for a patient presenting with dyspnea and hyperventilation?
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What is the purpose of referring to the Adult Combative Behaviour MCP in the text?
What is the purpose of referring to the Adult Combative Behaviour MCP in the text?
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When can a patient refuse treatment or transport?
When can a patient refuse treatment or transport?
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What is a consideration when evaluating a patient's ability to make informed decisions about their own care?
What is a consideration when evaluating a patient's ability to make informed decisions about their own care?
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What is the first priority in managing a patient with disruptive behavior?
What is the first priority in managing a patient with disruptive behavior?
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What medication regimen is recommended for acute anxiety in a patient with disruptive behavior?
What medication regimen is recommended for acute anxiety in a patient with disruptive behavior?
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What is the recommended course of action if a patient refuses transport?
What is the recommended course of action if a patient refuses transport?
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What additional monitoring is recommended for a patient with disruptive behavior?
What additional monitoring is recommended for a patient with disruptive behavior?
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What protocol should be referred to if the patient is aggressive or requires restraint?
What protocol should be referred to if the patient is aggressive or requires restraint?
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What is the condition under which an off-duty EMS practitioner can assume responsibility for patient care?
What is the condition under which an off-duty EMS practitioner can assume responsibility for patient care?
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What must be reviewed with the off-duty EMS practitioner if they assume responsibility for patient care?
What must be reviewed with the off-duty EMS practitioner if they assume responsibility for patient care?
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What should be done if the off-duty EMS practitioner's treatment plans do not comply with MCPs?
What should be done if the off-duty EMS practitioner's treatment plans do not comply with MCPs?
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Who is responsible for documenting the off-duty EMS practitioner's orders?
Who is responsible for documenting the off-duty EMS practitioner's orders?
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What is the purpose of the 'Healthcare Professional on Scene Card'?
What is the purpose of the 'Healthcare Professional on Scene Card'?
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What should be done if disagreements arise between the off-duty EMS practitioner and the Attending EMS Crew?
What should be done if disagreements arise between the off-duty EMS practitioner and the Attending EMS Crew?
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What is a significant concern when considering the use of Drug Assisted Airway?
What is a significant concern when considering the use of Drug Assisted Airway?
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In which patient group has advanced airway management been shown to have no additional benefit over basic airway techniques?
In which patient group has advanced airway management been shown to have no additional benefit over basic airway techniques?
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What is a documented outcome associated with the use of Endotracheal Intubation (ETI) in trauma cases?
What is a documented outcome associated with the use of Endotracheal Intubation (ETI) in trauma cases?
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What has research indicated about the skill retention of practitioners for different airway management techniques?
What has research indicated about the skill retention of practitioners for different airway management techniques?
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Why might Drug Assisted Airway be considered unnecessary in certain patient circumstances?
Why might Drug Assisted Airway be considered unnecessary in certain patient circumstances?
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What is the primary goal of placing an advanced airway?
What is the primary goal of placing an advanced airway?
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Which of the following equipment is categorized as a supraglottic airway?
Which of the following equipment is categorized as a supraglottic airway?
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What does the Drug Assisted Airway technique aim to achieve?
What does the Drug Assisted Airway technique aim to achieve?
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What is a significant risk associated with advanced airway placement?
What is a significant risk associated with advanced airway placement?
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Why must a patient with an advanced airway be connected to a ventilation circuit?
Why must a patient with an advanced airway be connected to a ventilation circuit?
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Which of the following is emphasized as a safer approach in managing the unresponsive patient?
Which of the following is emphasized as a safer approach in managing the unresponsive patient?
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What should be considered before advancing to an advanced airway in a patient?
What should be considered before advancing to an advanced airway in a patient?
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What condition could necessitate mandatory Online Medical Consultation (OLMC) during drug-assisted airway management?
What condition could necessitate mandatory Online Medical Consultation (OLMC) during drug-assisted airway management?
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How do the adult education policies in the Yukon reflect its commitment to both individual and community development?
How do the adult education policies in the Yukon reflect its commitment to both individual and community development?
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What philosophical approaches guide adult education in the Yukon, and how do they contribute to educational outcomes?
What philosophical approaches guide adult education in the Yukon, and how do they contribute to educational outcomes?
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In what ways do Yukon's adult education strategies aim to address economic growth and personal development simultaneously?
In what ways do Yukon's adult education strategies aim to address economic growth and personal development simultaneously?
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What role does reconciliation play in the Yukon's adult education philosophy?
What role does reconciliation play in the Yukon's adult education philosophy?
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How does Yukon's adult education blend economic and cultural considerations to shape its educational policies?
How does Yukon's adult education blend economic and cultural considerations to shape its educational policies?
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What are the three interconnected priorities driving adult education in the Yukon?
What are the three interconnected priorities driving adult education in the Yukon?
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How does the Yukon Government aim to support reconciliation through education?
How does the Yukon Government aim to support reconciliation through education?
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What role does digital education play in Yukon adult education policies?
What role does digital education play in Yukon adult education policies?
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Which critical sectors is the Labour Market Framework Initiative targeting in the Yukon?
Which critical sectors is the Labour Market Framework Initiative targeting in the Yukon?
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What is the dominant theory behind Yukon’s adult education policies?
What is the dominant theory behind Yukon’s adult education policies?
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In what way does adult education in Yukon contribute to personal development?
In what way does adult education in Yukon contribute to personal development?
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What strategic focus helps to balance economic goals with cultural inclusion in Yukon education?
What strategic focus helps to balance economic goals with cultural inclusion in Yukon education?
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How does integrating Indigenous knowledge into education support cultural preservation in the Yukon?
How does integrating Indigenous knowledge into education support cultural preservation in the Yukon?
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Study Notes
Patient Refusal of EMS Care and/or Transport
- This operational protocol outlines guidelines for managing patient care situations where the patient or legal representative refuses EMS care and/or transport.
Who Can Refuse Care and/or Transport
- Adults over the age of 18 years
- Mature Minors
- Parents or legal representatives of minors
- Legal Representatives/Guardians of dependent adults
- Patients who demonstrate the capacity to refuse care
Determination of Capacity
- Patients have capacity when they understand the nature, risks, and benefits of treatment or transport and the consequences of consent or refusal
- Adults are presumed to have capacity until evidence suggests otherwise
- Capacity can be affected by mental illness, physical illness, injury, or intoxication due to drugs or alcohol
Capacity Assessment and Refusal of Care
- Competent patients can refuse treatment and/or transport after being informed of potential risks and consequences
- Assessment of capacity and discussion regarding risks and consequences must be well-documented
- Patients should be informed how to access follow-up care and sign the Patient Medical Release
Care of Patients Refusing Care and/or Transport
- Practitioners must not coerce patients to refuse care and/or transport
- Practitioners will formally assess the patient's capacity in all cases of refusal
- Patients have the right to access care provided in hospital Emergency Departments or alternative recognized healthcare resources via EMS transport
Mandatory Online Medical Consultation (OLMC)
- OLMC criteria include:
- History of significant submersion injury
- Recent, partial or complete foreign body airway obstruction
- Apparent life-threatening event (ALTE)/brief resolved unexplained event (BRUE) in a neonate or child less than 2 years old
- Refusal of care and/or transport after medication administration
Documentation and Refusal of Care Records
- Document the clinical assessment, discussion of risks, benefits, and alternatives with the patient in the Patient Care Record
- Complete the "Response Outcome" field of the Patient Care Record as "Patient Refused Care and/or Transport"
- Document the patient's refusal of care on the EMS Refusal of Care and/or Transport Record, including their signature
- Leave the Patient Information Booklet for Patients Remaining on Scene with the patient
Etiology of Mental Disorders
- A mental disorder is characterized by a substantial disorder of thought, mood, perception, orientation, or memory that significantly impairs judgment, behavior, the capacity to recognize reality, or the ability to complete usual daily activities.
- Patients with disorders such as depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or a situational crisis may experience an acute psychiatric crisis.
- Acute anxiety and other disorders can be caused by other medical conditions (e.g., acute coronary syndrome, hypoxemia, trauma).
Differential Diagnosis
- Metabolic disorders (ketoacidosis, less frequently hypoglycemia or hypocalcemia)
- Acute coronary syndrome
- Arrhythmia
- Heart failure
- Pulmonary embolism
- Pneumothorax
- Asthma exacerbation
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation
- Seizure disorder
- Hyperthyroidism
Assessment of Patients with Altered Mental Status
- Level of consciousness
- Attention
- Memory
- Cognitive ability
- Affect and mood
- Probable cause of present condition
- Low EtCO2 may be correlated with metabolic acidosis, indicating the possibility of an underlying medical cause for agitation and anxiety
Consent and Competency
- Competent patients can refuse treatment or transport if they are able to:
- Answer questions about their identity, location, and date
- Are not a harm to themselves or others
- Are not significantly disabled due to acute illness or injury
- Are not intoxicated due to alcohol or drugs
- The Mental Health Act of Alberta allows for the involuntary detention, transport, and treatment of persons with mental disorders if they meet all three conditions:
- Mental disorder
- Likely to cause harm to self or others
- Unsuitable for voluntary admission
Treatment and Interventions
- Establish safety of staff and patient
- Verbally attempt to diffuse the situation
- Search for and treat possible medical causes
- Consider lorazepam 1 mg SL every 15 min as needed to a max of 4 mg or midazolam 2.5 mg IV every 15 min as needed to a max of 5 mg for acute anxiety
- Consider monitoring the 4-lead ECG
Treatment of Aggressive Patient
- Establish safety of staff and patient as the primary concern
- Attempt to verbally diffuse the situation to prevent escalation
- Investigate and treat possible underlying medical causes of the behavior
Pharmacological Intervention
- Consider administering lorazepam 1 mg SL every 15 minutes as needed, up to a maximum of 4 mg, for acute anxiety
- Alternatively, consider midazolam 2.5 mg IV every 15 minutes as needed, up to a maximum of 5 mg
Monitoring and Referral
- Monitor the 4-lead ECG to ensure patient's cardiac stability
- Refer to the Disruptive Behavior Management of Combative Patients (MCP) protocol if the patient requires restraint or is aggressive
- Refer to the Adult Combative Behavior MCP protocol for further guidance
- If the patient refuses transport, it is mandatory to call OLMC for further instruction
Off Duty EMS Practitioner on Scene
- Off-duty EMS healthcare professionals with active practice permits can assist with patient care if they comply with Medical Control Protocols (MCPs) and do not exceed the Transporting EMS Crew's Scope of Practice.
- Participation is at the discretion of the Attending EMS Crew, and if disagreements arise, contact OLMC (Online Medical Control).
Assuming Responsibility for Patient Care
- If an off-duty EMS practitioner can provide a level of care above that of the Attending EMS Crew, they can assume responsibility for patient care.
- In this case, one member of the Attending EMS Crew must review the "Healthcare Professional on Scene Card" with the off-duty EMS practitioner within the electronic patient care record form.
- Contact OLMC if:
- Treatment does not comply with MCPs
- Disagreements arise
- Treatment is outside the Scope of Practice of the Transporting EMS Crew, and the off-duty EMS practitioner declines to accompany the patient to the Transport Destination
Documentation
- Document the off-duty EMS healthcare professional's orders and ensure they sign the Patient Care Record (PCR)
Advanced Airway Management
-
Advanced airway refers to invasive techniques used to create a clear path for air between a patient's lungs and the atmosphere.
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Two categories of advanced airway equipment:
- Supraglottic airway (SGA): Placed above the glottis (e.g., iGel)
- Laryngoscope and endotracheal tube (ETT): ETT is placed through the glottis into the trachea during endotracheal intubation (ETI)
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Any patient with an advanced airway requires connection to a ventilation circuit, either with a bag-valve mask (BVM) or a mechanical ventilator.
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An advanced airway must never be left open to the atmosphere.
Drug Assisted Airway & Rapid Sequence Intubation (RSI)
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Drug Assisted Airway (DAA) or RSI involves sedation and chemical paralysis of the patient prior to advanced airway placement.
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The goal is to minimize the risk of adverse events and maximize the likelihood of a successful airway capture.
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DAAs are a high-risk intervention requiring mandatory consultation with the appropriate medical team.
Importance of Oxygenation and Ventilation
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Although advanced airway placement can be lifesaving, it is important to remember that adequate oxygenation and ventilation are the primary goals, not the SGA or ETT itself.
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A misplaced airway can worsen oxygenation and ventilation.
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Other risks associated with advanced airway placement include hemodynamic deterioration, airway injury, and aspiration.
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Prioritize basic airway management techniques such as oxygen mask on a spontaneously breathing patient or proper bag-mask ventilation, as they often provide the same benefit as an advanced airway.
Limitations and Considerations
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DAA and RSI are rare events, and ubiquitous skill retention for these techniques can be challenging.
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There is growing evidence that ETTs may not be superior to or may even be more harmful than SGAs in out-of-hospital cardiac arrests.
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Trauma patients may experience worse outcomes with ETI compared to basic airways.
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In pediatric patients, advanced airways might not provide benefits over BVM ventilation and may carry higher risk.
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The literature supports that maintaining proficiency in SGA use is easier than with ETI.
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Although a role for DAA and ETI exists, proper patient selection is paramount.
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Description
Test your knowledge on how to handle disruptive behavior in a medical setting. Learn about requesting back-up, ensuring law enforcement attendance, diffusing the situation verbally, and more.