Approach to Disruptive Behavior Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the first step in the approach to disruptive behavior described in the text?

  • Obtaining a BGL
  • Ensuring law enforcement attendance
  • Requesting back-up (correct)
  • Physically restraining the patient

Which of the following is NOT a medical cause of disruptive behavior mentioned in the text?

  • Head injuries
  • Seizures
  • Diabetes (correct)
  • Metabolic acidosis

What is the recommended dose of haloperidol for patients over 65 years old?

  • 2.5 mg SIVP/IO
  • 10 mg SIVP/IO
  • 5 mg IM/IV
  • 2.5 mg IM/IV (correct)

What is the preferable approach in terms of medications for subduing geriatric patients?

<p>Administering the minimum medications necessary (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a patient under 65 years old requires further sedation after maximum doses of midazolam, what action should be considered?

<p>Contacting OLMC for additional options (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What assessments are recommended to be obtained if possible in the described approach to disruptive behavior?

<p>12-lead ECG, SpO2, and ETCO2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum recommended total dose of midazolam for a patient under 65 years old?

<p>20 mg SIVP/IO or IM (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended maximum total dose of haloperidol for a patient under 65 years old?

<p>10 mg IM (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a patient under 65 requires further sedation after maximum doses of midazolam and haloperidol, which of the following is NOT recommended in the text?

<p>Increase the dose of midazolam beyond 20 mg (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information provided, which of the following statements is correct regarding the recommended approach for geriatric patients?

<p>Administer lower initial doses of haloperidol compared to younger patients (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medical conditions is NOT listed as a potential cause of disruptive behavior in the text?

<p>Delirium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the information provided, what is the maximum recommended total dose of ketamine for a patient under 65 years old?

<p>There is no specific maximum dose mentioned (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a patient under 65 years old has received the maximum doses of midazolam and haloperidol but remains inadequately controlled, what additional medication should be considered?

<p>Call for further sedation options from OLMC (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended maximum total dose of ketamine for a patient under 65 years old?

<p>There is no specific maximum total dose mentioned (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a patient over 65 years old requires additional sedation after the initial dose of haloperidol and midazolam, which medication should be administered next?

<p>Haloperidol 2.5 mg IM/IV and midazolam 2.5 mg SIVP/IO (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medical conditions is listed as a potential cause of disruptive behavior?

<p>Seizures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For a patient under 65 years old, what is the maximum recommended total dose of midazolam administered intramuscularly (IM)?

<p>20 mg (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information provided, which of the following statements is correct regarding the use of ketamine in patients over 65 years old?

<p>The text does not provide any specific recommendations for the use of ketamine in patients over 65 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For a patient under 65 years old exhibiting disruptive behavior, what is the recommended initial dose and route of administration for midazolam?

<p>5 mg SIVP/IO every 5 minutes to a maximum of 20 mg (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a patient under 65 years old requires additional sedation after reaching the maximum doses of midazolam and haloperidol, which medication is NOT recommended in the text?

<p>Continuing to administer additional doses of midazolam or haloperidol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information provided, which of the following statements about the use of ketamine in patients over 65 years old is correct?

<p>Ketamine should be administered at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg SIVP/IO every 15 minutes to a maximum of 5 mg. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the information provided, what is the maximum recommended total dose of haloperidol for a patient under 65 years old exhibiting disruptive behavior?

<p>10 mg (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medical conditions is NOT listed as a potential cause of disruptive behavior in the provided text?

<p>Hyperthyroidism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information provided, which of the following statements regarding the recommended approach for geriatric patients (over 65 years old) is correct?

<p>The minimum medications necessary to subdue the patient are preferable. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of this operational protocol?

<p>To provide guidelines for managing patient care situations where a patient refuses EMS care and/or transport. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between non-conveyance and patient refusal?

<p>Non-conveyance via an ATR algorithm is different than patient refusal, as it involves shared decision-making among healthcare providers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens in a patient refusal situation?

<p>The patient is assessed, but refuses care and/or transport against recommended treatment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the patient's right in a patient refusal situation?

<p>The patient has the right to refuse treatment, as long as they understand and accept the risks. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of the ATR algorithm?

<p>To identify patients that are low risk for medical deterioration and/or can have their health needs met without ambulance transport. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of patient refusal?

<p>The patient is at higher risk for adverse outcomes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who can refuse EMS care and/or transport?

<p>Adults over the age of 18 years, mature minors, parents or legal representatives of minors, and legal representatives/guardians of dependent adults (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines a patient's capacity to refuse care?

<p>Their ability to understand the nature, risks, and benefits of treatment or transport (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should EMS practitioners do when a patient refuses care and/or transport?

<p>Formally assess the patient's capacity and document the conversation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a Form 10 issued by a peace officer?

<p>To authorize a peace officer to detain and convey the patient (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should EMS practitioners do when a patient is uncooperative or attempting to flee?

<p>Involve AHS Protective Services or Police for assistance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a Patient Medical Release?

<p>To obtain the patient's signature for refusal of care (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When can EMS practitioners treat and transport patients without their consent?

<p>When the patient lacks capacity and requires emergency medical care (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who can issue a Form 1?

<p>A physician (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should EMS practitioners do when a patient refuses care and/or transport?

<p>Document the patient's capacity assessment and risks of refusal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Goals of Care Designation Order?

<p>To inform EMS practitioners about the patient's treatment preferences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary responsibility of the practitioner in providing patient care?

<p>To provide the patient with the opportunity to ask questions and make informed decisions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should a practitioner do when a patient refuses care and/or transport and demonstrates capacity?

<p>Attempt to perform a thorough assessment, explain benefits and risks, and discuss alternatives (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a high-risk criterion that may require Mandatory Online Medical Consultation (OLMC) during patient assessment?

<p>Chest pain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should a practitioner document in the Patient Care Record when a patient refuses care and/or transport?

<p>The clinical assessment, discussion of risks and benefits, and alternatives (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should a practitioner do when a patient refuses care and/or transport and demonstrates lack of capacity?

<p>Contact OLMC for further consultation and advice (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should a practitioner provide to the patient when they refuse care and/or transport?

<p>The Patient Information Booklet for Patients Remaining on Scene (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to document the patient's refusal of care and/or transport?

<p>To prove that the patient was informed of the risks and benefits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of contacting OLMC during patient assessment?

<p>To obtain further consultation and advice on the patient's care (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should a practitioner do when a patient has a history of significant submersion injury?

<p>Contact OLMC for further consultation and advice (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should a practitioner document in the EMS Refusal of Care and/or Transport Record?

<p>The patient's refusal of care and/or transport, including their signature (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three conditions that must be met under the Mental Health Act of Alberta to allow for involuntary detention, transport, and treatment of a person?

<p>Mental disorder, likely to cause harm to self or others, and unsuitable for voluntary admission (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What form does a law enforcement officer complete when detaining a person for a mental health assessment?

<p>Form 10 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who can authorize EMS to treat or transport non-consenting patients?

<p>Physician or law enforcement officer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a mental disorder?

<p>A substantial disorder of thought, mood, perception, orientation, or memory that significantly impairs judgement, behaviour, the capacity to recognize reality, or the ability to complete usual daily activities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consideration when assessing a patient with altered mental status?

<p>The patient's level of consciousness, attention, memory, cognitive ability, affect and mood, and probable cause of their present condition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should EMS practitioners do if a patient refuses transport?

<p>Call OLMC (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a criterion for determining a patient's competence to make decisions about their own care?

<p>If they are cognitively impaired (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential underlying medical cause of acute anxiety and other disorders?

<p>Either A or B (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What medication is considered for acute anxiety in the text?

<p>Lorazepam (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an indication that a patient's agitation and anxiety may be caused by an underlying medical condition?

<p>Low EtCO2 levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the treatment approach in the text?

<p>Establish safety of staff and patient (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of hospital security personnel in the treatment approach?

<p>To assume responsibility for the patient (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a differential diagnosis for a patient presenting with dyspnea and hyperventilation?

<p>Metabolic disorders, acute coronary syndrome, arrhythmia, heart failure, pulmonary embolism, pneumothorax, asthma exacerbation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation, seizure disorder, and hyperthyroidism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of referring to the Adult Combative Behaviour MCP in the text?

<p>To manage combative behavior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When can a patient refuse treatment or transport?

<p>If they are competent and have the capacity to make informed decisions about their own care (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consideration when evaluating a patient's ability to make informed decisions about their own care?

<p>Their mental status, their ability to communicate, and their ability to understand the consequences of their decisions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first priority in managing a patient with disruptive behavior?

<p>Establishing safety of staff and patient (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What medication regimen is recommended for acute anxiety in a patient with disruptive behavior?

<p>Lorazepam 1 mg SL every 15 min to a max of 4 mg (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended course of action if a patient refuses transport?

<p>Call OLMC for guidance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What additional monitoring is recommended for a patient with disruptive behavior?

<p>Monitoring the 4-lead ECG (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What protocol should be referred to if the patient is aggressive or requires restraint?

<p>Adult Combative Behaviour MCP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition under which an off-duty EMS practitioner can assume responsibility for patient care?

<p>If they can provide a level of care above that of the Attending EMS Crew (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must be reviewed with the off-duty EMS practitioner if they assume responsibility for patient care?

<p>The 'Healthcare Professional on Scene Card' (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done if the off-duty EMS practitioner's treatment plans do not comply with MCPs?

<p>Contact OLMC (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is responsible for documenting the off-duty EMS practitioner's orders?

<p>The Attending EMS Crew (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 'Healthcare Professional on Scene Card'?

<p>To review treatment plans with the off-duty EMS practitioner (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done if disagreements arise between the off-duty EMS practitioner and the Attending EMS Crew?

<p>Contact OLMC (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant concern when considering the use of Drug Assisted Airway?

<p>Patient selection for this procedure is crucial. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which patient group has advanced airway management been shown to have no additional benefit over basic airway techniques?

<p>Pediatric patients (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a documented outcome associated with the use of Endotracheal Intubation (ETI) in trauma cases?

<p>Worse outcomes compared to basic airways. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has research indicated about the skill retention of practitioners for different airway management techniques?

<p>Skill retention for SGA is notably easier than for ETI. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might Drug Assisted Airway be considered unnecessary in certain patient circumstances?

<p>BVM ventilation can effectively maintain oxygenation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of placing an advanced airway?

<p>To ensure the airway is patent (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following equipment is categorized as a supraglottic airway?

<p>iGel (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Drug Assisted Airway technique aim to achieve?

<p>To expedite airway management in patients with intact reflexes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant risk associated with advanced airway placement?

<p>Airway injury (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why must a patient with an advanced airway be connected to a ventilation circuit?

<p>To facilitate proper oxygenation and ventilation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is emphasized as a safer approach in managing the unresponsive patient?

<p>Use of bag-mask ventilation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be considered before advancing to an advanced airway in a patient?

<p>The risks and benefits of the procedure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition could necessitate mandatory Online Medical Consultation (OLMC) during drug-assisted airway management?

<p>Presence of facial trauma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the adult education policies in the Yukon reflect its commitment to both individual and community development?

<p>The policies emphasize lifelong learning and the integration of diverse cultural perspectives to promote personal resilience and workforce readiness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What philosophical approaches guide adult education in the Yukon, and how do they contribute to educational outcomes?

<p>The Yukon employs a blend of progressive and humanist philosophies, fostering economic relevance while ensuring social transformation through Indigenous knowledge integration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what ways do Yukon's adult education strategies aim to address economic growth and personal development simultaneously?

<p>Strategies aim to meet workforce needs while fostering individual self-actualization and resilience, making education relevant to both the economy and personal growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does reconciliation play in the Yukon's adult education philosophy?

<p>Reconciliation guides the integration of Indigenous knowledge into educational practices, fostering cultural understanding and inclusivity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Yukon's adult education blend economic and cultural considerations to shape its educational policies?

<p>The blend involves addressing workforce demands while incorporating cultural values, ensuring education is both economically useful and socially meaningful.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three interconnected priorities driving adult education in the Yukon?

<p>Workforce readiness, reconciliation, and accessibility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Yukon Government aim to support reconciliation through education?

<p>By collaborating with Yukon First Nations to integrate Indigenous knowledge and perspectives into educational programs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does digital education play in Yukon adult education policies?

<p>Digital education expands access in rural areas and ensures that educational transformation includes everyone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which critical sectors is the Labour Market Framework Initiative targeting in the Yukon?

<p>Healthcare and trades.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the dominant theory behind Yukon’s adult education policies?

<p>Functionalist theory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does adult education in Yukon contribute to personal development?

<p>It equips individuals with workforce-ready skills while fostering lifelong learning and personal growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What strategic focus helps to balance economic goals with cultural inclusion in Yukon education?

<p>A strategic focus on both workforce readiness and societal transformation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does integrating Indigenous knowledge into education support cultural preservation in the Yukon?

<p>It ensures that educational programs are culturally relevant and reflective of Indigenous perspectives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Patient Refusal of Care

A situation where a patient or legal representative declines EMS care and/or transport.

Capacity to Refuse

The patient's ability to understand the risks, benefits, and consequences of accepting or rejecting treatment/transport.

Mature Minor

Minors who are legally considered capable of making healthcare decisions.

Capacity Assessment

Evaluating a patient's ability to understand and make decisions about their medical care.

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OLMC

Online Medical Consultation - online medical advice from EMS medical control.

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Submersion Injury

Significant injury from being submerged in water.

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Foreign Body Airway Obstruction

Object lodged in airway interfering with breathing

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ALTE/BRUE

Apparent life-threatening event/brief resolved unexplained event in young children.

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Mental Disorder

Significant disturbance of thought, mood, or perception affecting daily life.

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Acute Psychiatric Crisis

Sudden worsening of mental disorder.

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Metabolic Disorders

Disorders of the body's chemical processes.

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Differential Diagnosis

Distinguishing between possible medical conditions based on symptoms.

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Consent and Competency

Patient's ability to make sound decisions about their care.

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Aggressive Patient

Patient exhibiting hostile or violent behavior.

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Pharmacological Intervention

Using medication to manage medical or psychological symptoms.

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Advanced Airway

Invasive techniques for creating a clear airway passage.

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Supraglottic Airway

Airway device placed above the vocal cords.

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Endotracheal Intubation

Inserting a tube into the trachea to maintain an airway.

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Drug Assisted Airway/RSI

Sedation and chemical paralysis for safe airway placement.

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Oxygenation/Ventilation

Supplying oxygen and enabling gas exchange.

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Limitations of Advanced Airway

Potential risks and challenges associated with advanced airway management.

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Off-Duty EMS Practitioner

EMS professional not currently on duty who may assist on scene.

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Responding to Refusal

Actions for when a patient refuses care or transport.

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Documentation of Refusal

Detailed record of the refusal.

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Assessment of Altered Mental Status

Evaluating patients with impaired cognitive function.

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Yukon Adult Education Philosophy

A blend of progressive and humanist approaches, emphasizing lifelong learning, diverse perspectives, and personal/community development. It aims to prepare individuals for the workforce while fostering personal growth and integration of Indigenous knowledge.

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Economic Relevance of Education

The principle that education must address current workforce demands and prepare individuals for the job market.

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Indigenous Knowledge Integration

The process of incorporating Indigenous knowledge and perspectives into the education system.

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Lifelong Learning Emphasis

The focus on continuous learning throughout a person's life, beyond formal education.

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Socially Transformative Education

An educational approach meant to bring positive social change and support reconciliation.

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Yukon's Economic Goal

Yukon strives to maintain a strong economy while supporting cultural inclusion and personal growth.

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Adult Education Focus

The Yukon's adult education prioritizes workforce readiness, reconciliation, and accessibility.

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Indigenous Knowledge Integration

Yukon education incorporates Indigenous knowledge and perspectives into programs and research, promoting cultural preservation.

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Workforce Skill Gaps

The Yukon addresses skill shortages in healthcare and trades through targeted training programs.

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Rural Access to Education

The Yukon expands educational access in rural areas, mainly through digital solutions, to ensure everyone has access to learning regardless of their location.

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Functionalist Theory

This theory sees education as a way for society to meet its needs and maintain stability.

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Model 4 of Education

A model focused on education for the economy, personal development, transformation, and diversity.

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Yukon Education's Purpose

Education in Yukon is not only for economic advancement but also for preserving cultural heritage and promoting inclusivity.

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Study Notes

Patient Refusal of EMS Care and/or Transport

  • This operational protocol outlines guidelines for managing patient care situations where the patient or legal representative refuses EMS care and/or transport.

Who Can Refuse Care and/or Transport

  • Adults over the age of 18 years
  • Mature Minors
  • Parents or legal representatives of minors
  • Legal Representatives/Guardians of dependent adults
  • Patients who demonstrate the capacity to refuse care

Determination of Capacity

  • Patients have capacity when they understand the nature, risks, and benefits of treatment or transport and the consequences of consent or refusal
  • Adults are presumed to have capacity until evidence suggests otherwise
  • Capacity can be affected by mental illness, physical illness, injury, or intoxication due to drugs or alcohol

Capacity Assessment and Refusal of Care

  • Competent patients can refuse treatment and/or transport after being informed of potential risks and consequences
  • Assessment of capacity and discussion regarding risks and consequences must be well-documented
  • Patients should be informed how to access follow-up care and sign the Patient Medical Release

Care of Patients Refusing Care and/or Transport

  • Practitioners must not coerce patients to refuse care and/or transport
  • Practitioners will formally assess the patient's capacity in all cases of refusal
  • Patients have the right to access care provided in hospital Emergency Departments or alternative recognized healthcare resources via EMS transport

Mandatory Online Medical Consultation (OLMC)

  • OLMC criteria include:
  • History of significant submersion injury
  • Recent, partial or complete foreign body airway obstruction
  • Apparent life-threatening event (ALTE)/brief resolved unexplained event (BRUE) in a neonate or child less than 2 years old
  • Refusal of care and/or transport after medication administration

Documentation and Refusal of Care Records

  • Document the clinical assessment, discussion of risks, benefits, and alternatives with the patient in the Patient Care Record
  • Complete the "Response Outcome" field of the Patient Care Record as "Patient Refused Care and/or Transport"
  • Document the patient's refusal of care on the EMS Refusal of Care and/or Transport Record, including their signature
  • Leave the Patient Information Booklet for Patients Remaining on Scene with the patient

Etiology of Mental Disorders

  • A mental disorder is characterized by a substantial disorder of thought, mood, perception, orientation, or memory that significantly impairs judgment, behavior, the capacity to recognize reality, or the ability to complete usual daily activities.
  • Patients with disorders such as depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or a situational crisis may experience an acute psychiatric crisis.
  • Acute anxiety and other disorders can be caused by other medical conditions (e.g., acute coronary syndrome, hypoxemia, trauma).

Differential Diagnosis

  • Metabolic disorders (ketoacidosis, less frequently hypoglycemia or hypocalcemia)
  • Acute coronary syndrome
  • Arrhythmia
  • Heart failure
  • Pulmonary embolism
  • Pneumothorax
  • Asthma exacerbation
  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation
  • Seizure disorder
  • Hyperthyroidism

Assessment of Patients with Altered Mental Status

  • Level of consciousness
  • Attention
  • Memory
  • Cognitive ability
  • Affect and mood
  • Probable cause of present condition
  • Low EtCO2 may be correlated with metabolic acidosis, indicating the possibility of an underlying medical cause for agitation and anxiety
  • Competent patients can refuse treatment or transport if they are able to:
    • Answer questions about their identity, location, and date
    • Are not a harm to themselves or others
    • Are not significantly disabled due to acute illness or injury
    • Are not intoxicated due to alcohol or drugs
  • The Mental Health Act of Alberta allows for the involuntary detention, transport, and treatment of persons with mental disorders if they meet all three conditions:
    • Mental disorder
    • Likely to cause harm to self or others
    • Unsuitable for voluntary admission

Treatment and Interventions

  • Establish safety of staff and patient
  • Verbally attempt to diffuse the situation
  • Search for and treat possible medical causes
  • Consider lorazepam 1 mg SL every 15 min as needed to a max of 4 mg or midazolam 2.5 mg IV every 15 min as needed to a max of 5 mg for acute anxiety
  • Consider monitoring the 4-lead ECG

Treatment of Aggressive Patient

  • Establish safety of staff and patient as the primary concern
  • Attempt to verbally diffuse the situation to prevent escalation
  • Investigate and treat possible underlying medical causes of the behavior

Pharmacological Intervention

  • Consider administering lorazepam 1 mg SL every 15 minutes as needed, up to a maximum of 4 mg, for acute anxiety
  • Alternatively, consider midazolam 2.5 mg IV every 15 minutes as needed, up to a maximum of 5 mg

Monitoring and Referral

  • Monitor the 4-lead ECG to ensure patient's cardiac stability
  • Refer to the Disruptive Behavior Management of Combative Patients (MCP) protocol if the patient requires restraint or is aggressive
  • Refer to the Adult Combative Behavior MCP protocol for further guidance
  • If the patient refuses transport, it is mandatory to call OLMC for further instruction

Off Duty EMS Practitioner on Scene

  • Off-duty EMS healthcare professionals with active practice permits can assist with patient care if they comply with Medical Control Protocols (MCPs) and do not exceed the Transporting EMS Crew's Scope of Practice.
  • Participation is at the discretion of the Attending EMS Crew, and if disagreements arise, contact OLMC (Online Medical Control).

Assuming Responsibility for Patient Care

  • If an off-duty EMS practitioner can provide a level of care above that of the Attending EMS Crew, they can assume responsibility for patient care.
  • In this case, one member of the Attending EMS Crew must review the "Healthcare Professional on Scene Card" with the off-duty EMS practitioner within the electronic patient care record form.
  • Contact OLMC if:
    • Treatment does not comply with MCPs
    • Disagreements arise
    • Treatment is outside the Scope of Practice of the Transporting EMS Crew, and the off-duty EMS practitioner declines to accompany the patient to the Transport Destination

Documentation

  • Document the off-duty EMS healthcare professional's orders and ensure they sign the Patient Care Record (PCR)

Advanced Airway Management

  • Advanced airway refers to invasive techniques used to create a clear path for air between a patient's lungs and the atmosphere.

  • Two categories of advanced airway equipment:

    • Supraglottic airway (SGA): Placed above the glottis (e.g., iGel)
    • Laryngoscope and endotracheal tube (ETT): ETT is placed through the glottis into the trachea during endotracheal intubation (ETI)

  • Any patient with an advanced airway requires connection to a ventilation circuit, either with a bag-valve mask (BVM) or a mechanical ventilator.

  • An advanced airway must never be left open to the atmosphere.

Drug Assisted Airway & Rapid Sequence Intubation (RSI)

  • Drug Assisted Airway (DAA) or RSI involves sedation and chemical paralysis of the patient prior to advanced airway placement.

  • The goal is to minimize the risk of adverse events and maximize the likelihood of a successful airway capture.

  • DAAs are a high-risk intervention requiring mandatory consultation with the appropriate medical team.

Importance of Oxygenation and Ventilation

  • Although advanced airway placement can be lifesaving, it is important to remember that adequate oxygenation and ventilation are the primary goals, not the SGA or ETT itself.

  • A misplaced airway can worsen oxygenation and ventilation.

  • Other risks associated with advanced airway placement include hemodynamic deterioration, airway injury, and aspiration.

  • Prioritize basic airway management techniques such as oxygen mask on a spontaneously breathing patient or proper bag-mask ventilation, as they often provide the same benefit as an advanced airway.

Limitations and Considerations

  • DAA and RSI are rare events, and ubiquitous skill retention for these techniques can be challenging.

  • There is growing evidence that ETTs may not be superior to or may even be more harmful than SGAs in out-of-hospital cardiac arrests.

  • Trauma patients may experience worse outcomes with ETI compared to basic airways.

  • In pediatric patients, advanced airways might not provide benefits over BVM ventilation and may carry higher risk.

  • The literature supports that maintaining proficiency in SGA use is easier than with ETI.

  • Although a role for DAA and ETI exists, proper patient selection is paramount.

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Test your knowledge on how to handle disruptive behavior in a medical setting. Learn about requesting back-up, ensuring law enforcement attendance, diffusing the situation verbally, and more.

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