Questions and Answers
What term is used in the literature to refer to formulations related to speaker/writer certainty, knowledge, or commitment to the truth value of a proposition?
Evidentiality
According to Chafe (1986), what gives coherence to the set under consideration in relation to evidentiality?
Attitudes to Knowledge
Which concept influences White (2000, 2003) and Martin and White (2005) in their treatment of meanings related to evidentiality?
Bakhtinian/Voloshinovian notions of dialogism
What do verbal performances engage in, according to Bakhtinian/Voloshinovian notions of dialogism?
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Which term is NOT used in the literature as a heading for dealing with different formulations?
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What is the title of the book written by Martin and White in 2005 that focuses on the language of evaluation?
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In which city was the book 'Communicating conflict: Multilingual case studies of the news media' edited by Thomson and White published?
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Which theoretical framework does Martin (1997) use to analyze genre?
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What is the primary focus of White's work in 2003 'Beyond modality and hedging: A dialogic view of the language of intersubjective stance'?
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What is the subtitle of Voloshinov's work (1995) 'Marxism and the philosophy of language'?
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Where was the book 'Dialogue and inter-subjectivity: Reinterpreting the semantics of modality and hedging' by White published?
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What does the book 'Appraisal—the language of evaluation and stance' by White (2002) focus on?
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Who is the editor of the book 'Genres and institutions: Social processes in the workplace and school' where Martin's work on genre analysis is featured?
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What is the publication year of the book 'Analysing genre: Functional parameters' by Martin?
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In which publication is White's work 'Dialogue analysis VII: Working with dialogue' featured?
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Study Notes
Appraisal Theory
- Developed by Martin and White and their colleagues in the 1990s and 2000s
- Provides a framework for analyzing evaluative meanings in texts, including positive or negative assessments, intensity or directness of attitudinal utterances, and dialogistic engagement with prior speakers or potential respondents
Language of Evaluation
- Evaluative meanings are grouped together as the "language of evaluation" because they reveal the speaker's/writer's personal, evaluative involvement in the text
- Evaluative meanings are classified into three broad categories: Affect (emotional reactions), Judgment (assessments of human behavior and character), and Appreciation (assessments of objects, artifacts, and states of affairs)
Affect, Judgment, and Appreciation
- Affect: assessment presented as an emotional reaction (e.g., "I'm glad I got to do it")
- Judgment: assessment of human behavior and character by reference to ethics and social norms (e.g., "quick-thinking" and "incredible heroism")
- Appreciation: assessment of objects, artifacts, and states of affairs by reference to aesthetics and social valuation (e.g., "the nicest one he'd ever owned")
Metafunctions
- The appraisal framework is based on the systemic functional linguistic theory of Halliday and his associates
- Meaning-making is divided into three broad modes or metafunctions:
- Ideational: language construes the world of experience
- Interpersonal: language enacts social roles, personas, and relationships
- Textual: language organizes ideational and interpersonal meanings into coherent texts
Evaluative Meanings and Interpersonal Metafunction
- Evaluative meanings provide some of the mechanisms by which the interpersonal metafunction operates
- They present speakers/writers as revealing their feelings, tastes, and opinions with greater or lesser degrees of intensity and directness
Graduation and Engagement
- Graduation: parameter of variation in interpersonal meaning-making, dealing with the degree of speaker's/writer's personal investment in propositions
- Engagement: resources of dialogistic positioning, involving mechanisms by which speakers/writers adopt different stances vis-à-vis attitudinal propositions
Force and Semantic Focus
- Force: meanings by which propositions are strengthened or mitigated
- Semantic Focus: meanings by which the boundaries of semantic categories can be blurred or sharpened
Examples of Dialogistic Engagement
- Formulations that indicate greater or lesser degrees of personal investment in the proposition and mark it as more or less contentious, agreed-upon, or otherwise dialogistically problematic (e.g., "The media has been lying...", "In my view the media has been lying...", "It's probable the media has been lying...")
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