Applied Pathophysiology Chapter 14 Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which factor contributes most significantly to the poor prognosis associated with ovarian cancer?

  • The disease often presents with non-specific symptoms, leading to late diagnosis. (correct)
  • The primary site of origin leads to rapid metastasis.
  • Limited access to advanced treatment options.
  • Ovarian cancer is typically resistant to chemotherapy.

    • What is the most common invasive cancer of the female reproductive tract?

  • Vaginal cancer
  • Vulvar cancer
  • Cervical cancer
  • Endometrial cancer (correct)

    • What percentage of women with ovarian cancer have local spread to the pelvis or distant metastases at the time of diagnosis?

  • 90%
  • 25%
  • 50%
  • 75% (correct)

    • Which gene mutations are most strongly associated with an increased risk of inherited ovarian cancer?

    <p>BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composite 5-year survival rate for all patients diagnosed with ovarian cancer?

    <p>35% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which age group do the majority of ovarian cancer cases occur?

    <p>Women over the age of 65 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT indicate a more favorable prognosis for ovarian cancer?

    <p>Mucinous cell type (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of ovarian cancer is the second most common genitourinary cancer?

    <p>Epithelial carcinoma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common clinical manifestation of advanced ovarian cancer, due to large tumors?

    <p>Abdominal distention and pain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ovarian cancer is often diagnosed at a late stage because:

    <p>The peritoneum allows for growth without immediate obstruction, delaying symptom onset. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor most significantly elevates the risk of developing ovarian cancer?

    <p>A family history of ovarian cancer in a first-degree relative (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The repeated rupture of the epithelial surface of the ovary during ovulation is theorized to increase ovarian cancer risk due to which of the following processes?

    <p>Injury, inflammatory response, and tissue repair associated with each cycle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is believed to offer a protective effect against the development of ovarian cancer?

    <p>Pregnancy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common type of epithelial tumor found in ovarian cancer?

    <p>Serous adenocarcinoma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Germ cell tumors of the ovary share developmental similarities with which other type of cancer?

    <p>Testicular cancer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately characterizes the typical pattern of ovarian cancer spread?

    <p>Local shedding into the peritoneal cavity with seeding and implantation on the peritoneum. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the staging of ovarian cancer, what does Stage III indicate?

    <p>Metastases are present in the peritoneum outside the pelvis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes sex cord tumors of the ovary?

    <p>They arise from primitive sex cord or connective tissue of the developing ovary. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Ovarian Cancer

    A type of cancer that affects the ovaries in women, often diagnosed late due to subtle symptoms.

    Endometrial Cancer

    The most common invasive cancer in the female reproductive tract, affecting the uterus.

    Epithelial Carcinoma

    The second most common type of ovarian cancer, which arises from the epithelium of the ovary.

    BRCA Genes

    Tumor suppressor genes (BRCA-1 and BRCA-2) linked to hereditary ovarian cancer.

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    Silent Disease

    A term describing ovarian cancer due to its subtle symptoms and late diagnosis, leading to a poor prognosis.

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    Ovarian Cancer Survival Rate

    The 5-year survival rate for ovarian cancer patients is about 35%.

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    Stages of Ovarian Cancer

    Most patients (over 50%) are diagnosed at stage III or greater, indicating advanced disease.

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    Early Symptoms

    Ovarian cancer often shows absent or vague symptoms in early stages, like abdominal bloating.

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    Factors for Favorable Prognosis

    Younger age, specific cell types, smaller tumors, and good response to treatments indicate better outcomes.

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    Clinical Manifestations

    Large ovarian tumors may cause abdominal distention, pressure, and gastrointestinal symptoms like vomiting.

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    Risk Factors for Ovarian Cancer

    Family history, especially first-degree relatives, is a key risk factor.

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    Ovulation and Cancer Risk

    Repeated ovulation may increase the risk of ovarian cancer due to trauma.

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    Protective Factors

    Pregnancy and contraceptives can lower ovarian cancer risk by reducing ovulation.

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    Types of Tumors

    Ovarian tumors include epithelial, germ cell, and sex cord tumors.

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    Serous Adenocarcinoma

    The most common type of epithelial tumor that mimics fallopian tube tissue.

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    Metastasis in Ovarian Cancer

    Ovarian cancer spreads through local seeding in the peritoneum and pelvic lymph nodes.

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    Staging of Ovarian Cancer

    Ovarian cancer is staged from I (limited) to IV (distant metastases).

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    Germ Cell Tumors

    Comprise 25% of ovarian tumors and are often benign in adults but can be malignant in youth.

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    Study Notes

    Applied Pathophysiology: A Conceptual Approach to the Mechanisms of Disease - Chapter 14: Altered Reproductive Function

    • The book is titled Applied Pathophysiology: A Conceptual Approach to the Mechanisms of Disease
    • The chapter discussed is Chapter 14: Altered Reproductive Function
    • The module is Module 3: Clinical Models
    • The book was published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins in 2017.

    Ovarian Cancer

    • Pathophysiology:

      • Approximately 5-10% of ovarian cancers are inherited, linked to BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 tumor suppressor genes (3 inheritance patterns: ovarian-breast cancer, ovarian cancer alone, ovarian-colon cancer)
      • Most important risk factor: family history of a first-degree relative with the disease. The risk increases with more affected relatives.
      • Other risks include ovarian trauma from ovulation, injury and inflammatory response during ovulation, risk increases with repetitive ovulations. Hormonal factors (contraceptives, pregnancies, postmenopausal hormone therapy can also play a role).

    • Types of Tumors:

      • Epithelial tumors: arise from the surface of the ovary.
        • Serous adenocarcinoma is the most common type
        • Resembles epithelial tissue of the fallopian tube.
      • Germ cell tumors: comprise 25% of ovarian tumors, mainly benign in adult women, but more often cancerous in children and young adults. Development is similar to testicular cancer.
      • Sex cord tumors: comprise 10% of ovarian tumors; arise from primitive sex cords or connective tissue of the developing ovary.

    • Spread of Cancer:

      • Cancer spreads over the surface of the peritoneum.
      • Local shedding and implantation on the peritoneum commonly lead to invasion of the bowel and bladder.
      • Infiltration of pelvic lymph nodes is common.
      • Staging (I-IV) of ovarian cancer is performed at the time of diagnosis, based on extent of spread.

    • Clinical Manifestations:

      • Often asymptomatic in early stages.
      • Vague abdominal bloating, pressure, pain and abdominal distention. Nausea. Vomiting. Changes in bowel habits.
      • Widespread disease is common at time of diagnosis.

    • Diagnosis:

      • Patient history.
      • Physical examination (bimanual palpation of ovaries).
      • Transvaginal ultrasound, Laparoscopy or surgical exploration of the peritoneal cavity.
      • Cytologic examination of ovarian epithelial cells and surrounding peritoneal tissue, lymph nodes (with laparotomy).
      • Serum tumor marker levels (CA-125).
      • Monitoring treatment effectiveness.
      • Recurrence diagnosis.

    • Treatment:

      • Based on the stage of the tumor
      • Early stages (I-II, well differentiated/moderately well differentiated): surgery (removal of uterus, both ovaries, surrounding omentum, diaphragm, multiple lymph nodes).
      • Less differentiated tumors/extensive spread: combination of surgery, adjuvant radiation, local and/or systemic chemotherapy.

    • Prognosis:

      • Ovarian cancer is often curable if detected early.
      • Unfortunately, at the time of diagnosis, 3/4 women have spread to the pelvis or other distant sites. -Stage III or IV tumors that cannot be adequately removed via surgery: 5-year survival rate is less than 10%.
      • The composite 5-year survival rate for all patients diagnosed with ovarian cancer is 35%.
      • More favorable prognosis associated with younger age at diagnosis, cell type other than mucinous/clear cell, lower stage, greater cell differentiation, and smaller size of the tumor. Absent ascites (fluid accumulation). Adequate response to surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy.

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    Ovarian Cancer Pathophysiology PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on Chapter 14 of Applied Pathophysiology: A Conceptual Approach to the Mechanisms of Disease, focusing on altered reproductive function and ovarian cancer. This quiz covers the pathophysiology, inheritance patterns, and risk factors associated with ovarian cancer.

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