Questions and Answers
What is surface anatomy?
The study of the external features of the body.
Which of the following is NOT a technique used when examining a patient's anatomy?
Depressions in anatomical terms are known as fossae.
True
In surface anatomy, the ___________ region lies over the sternum.
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Match the following facial bones with their anatomical references:
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What are bony landmarks useful for?
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Which of the following is a soft tissue landmark?
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Surface markings of the face include the nasal bone.
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What does the term 'Ausculation' refer to?
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What does the bony thorax contain and protect?
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Which of the following are components of the bony thorax?
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The first rib can be palpated just inferior to the clavicle.
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Where is the suprasternal notch located?
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What are the three parts of the sternum?
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The sternal angle is clinically important because it is located at the level of the costal cartilage of the _____ rib.
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Which structure lies on the diaphragm deep to the xiphisternal joint?
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What major structures pass through the superior thoracic aperture?
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The mediastinum houses only the heart.
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List the three main openings of the diaphragm.
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During free breathing, how do the superior ribs move?
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Which of the following compartments is part of the inferior mediastinum?
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What is located in the anterior compartment of the mediastinum?
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The diaphragm borders the abdomen __________.
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How many quadrants can the abdomen be divided into?
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Match the following abdominal quadrants with their abbreviations:
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What is the transpyloric plane?
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What vertebral level is the diaphragm at rest?
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The jejunum is located in the inferior portion of the small bowel.
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The coils of the __________ lie toward the right in the right lumbar and iliac regions.
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How many shades can the system display?
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What does 1 bit represent in this context?
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Window width and window level are the same.
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The acronym PACS stands for Picture Archiving and __________ System.
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DICOM is an international standard for transmitting, storing, and __________ medical images.
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Which component is involved in the workflow of PACS?
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What is the main function of a DICOM viewer?
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The superior boundary of the usual area is at level _____
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Which of the following describes the location of the left kidney? (Select all that apply)
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What is the inferior border of the pancreas? (Select all that apply)
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The pancreas tail points towards the spleen.
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What does the term 'pixel' refer to in digital imaging?
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In a digital image, the ability to display shades of grey is known as _____
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What coordinate system is mentioned for medical images?
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What does adding a Z dimension create in imaging?
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What is one of the benefits of using Health Information Systems (HIS)?
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Using HIS can improve information sharing among healthcare providers.
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What is a potential risk associated with Health Information Systems?
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One disadvantage of HIS is the potential for __________ failure.
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Match the following HIS features with their implications:
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Study Notes
Surface Anatomy Overview
- Surface anatomy studies the external features of the human body, linking anatomy to structures beneath the surface such as bones, muscles, and organs.
- Common names designate some anatomical regions, while others derive from significant bones (e.g., sternal region associated with the sternum).
Clinical Applications
- Surface anatomy is essential for physical examinations and diagnostic tests.
- Techniques for examining patient anatomy include:
- Visual examination
- Palpation (feeling)
- Percussion (tapping)
- Auscultation (listening)
Body Landmarks
- Bony landmarks provide a predictable network, aiding in identifying deeper structures.
- Soft tissue landmarks are less reliable due to potential variability.
- Stable landmarks include structures like the outer canthus, while variable landmarks like the umbilicus depend on individual anatomy.
Surface Markings of the Face
- Important facial bones include:
- Frontal bone
- Superciliary arch
- Maxilla
- Zygomatic bone
- Mandible
- Surface features on the lateral aspect include prominent structures like the temporal line and mastoid process.
Neck Surface Anatomy
- Key structures in the neck's anterior aspect include:
- Mandible body and angle
- Hyoid bone
- Thyroid and cricoid cartilage
- Important points also include the bifurcation of the common carotid artery and the temporomandibular joint.
Surface Anatomy of the Thorax
- The bony thorax protects vital organs and serves as a muscle attachment site.
- Consists of:
- 12 thoracic vertebrae
- Ribs
- Clavicles
- Clavicles extend from the base of the neck across to the shoulders, forming a significant landmark in the thoracic region.### Sternum Anatomy
- The first rib is located just below the clavicle and can be palpated.
- The sternum consists of three parts: manubrium, body, and xiphoid process.
- The suprasternal notch is found at the superior border of the manubrium between the clavicles.
- The trachea can be palpated posterior to the suprasternal notch.
- The sternal angle (angle of Louis) is an important anatomical landmark located at the junction of the manubrium and body and corresponds to the level of the second rib's costal cartilage.
- The body of the sternum lies anterior to T5-T8 vertebrae, serving as a central structure in the thorax.
- The xiphoid process is situated inferiorly, medial to the seventh costal cartilages (vertebrae T9-T10).
Surface Lines
- Midsternal line runs vertically along the center of the sternum.
- Mammary line descends from the jugular notch to the acromion.
- Lateral sternal line follows the sternal margin.
- Parasternal line lies between the lateral sternal and mammary lines.
- The posterior axillary line is vertical from the axillary fold.
- Midaxillary line descends from the axilla's apex.
Thoracic Aperture
- The superior thoracic aperture allows passage of multiple structures including:
- Trachea, oesophagus, thoracic duct, apexes of the lungs
- Vital nerves (phrenic, vagus) and sympathetic trunks
- Major arteries (common carotid, subclavian) and veins (internal jugular, brachiocephalic)
- Remembering the vertebral levels for major openings:
- Vena cava at T8 (8 letters)
- Oesophagus at T10 (10 letters)
- Aortic hiatus at T12 (12 letters)
Clinical Perspective on Breathing
- Upper ribs facilitate antero-posterior movement, while lower ribs expand laterally during respiration.
- Diaphragm contraction increases thoracic volume during inhalation and vice versa during exhalation.
Mediastinum Overview
- Central mass of tissue in the thorax housing the heart, great vessels, trachea, oesophagus, and thymus gland.
- Divided into superior and inferior mediastinum:
- Superior mediastinum is above the heart, while inferior mediastinum lies below the level of the 4th thoracic vertebra.
- Inferior mediastinum includes anterior (thymus), middle (heart), and posterior (oesophagus and aorta) compartments.
Abdominal Surface Anatomy
- Abdominal cavity is bordered by the diaphragm superiorly and the pelvic inlet inferiorly.
- Can be divided into four quadrants using a vertical and horizontal line:
- Right upper quadrant (RUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), left lower quadrant (LLQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ).
- Can alternatively be defined by nine regions using two horizontal (transpyloric and transtubercular) and two vertical (midclavicular) imaginary planes.### Anatomical Planes
- Transpyloric Plane: Transverses through the inferior border of L1 vertebra, typically intersecting at the pylorus.
- Transtubercular Plane: Aligns with L5 vertebral body, cutting across the ninth costal cartilages and lower edge of L1.
-
Surface Lines:
- Transtubercular line is midway between upper transverse border and symphysis pubis, aligning with iliac tubercles and the L5 vertebra.
- Two vertical sagittal planes drawn through midpoint between anterior superior iliac spines and the midline.
Abdomen and Organs Positioning
-
Heart:
- Left border aligns with mid-clavicular line.
- Inferior border at T9, apex at T1.
- Right border follows the spinous process.
- Superior border at T5, with valves at specific vertebral levels (e.g., mitral at T7).
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Lungs:
- Apex at T1, inferior borders at T9 at rest, T10/T11 during inspiration, and T8 on expiration.
- Medial border aligns with the sagittal plane at spinous processes.
GI Tract
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Stomach:
- Fundus sits beneath diaphragm on left side.
- Greater curvature sweeps from fundus downwards, while lesser curvature travels from fundus to L1.
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Duodenum: Begins at superior level L1, transitions to jejunum at L2.
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Jejunum:
- Superior section of small intestine located on left side, extending to L1, L2.
- Often variable in position; typical area is just below L2.
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Ileum:
- Inferior section of small bowel located in right abdominal quadrant and pelvis.
- Usual position: superior boundary at L5, lateral bounds near colon.
Kidneys
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Left Kidney:
- Superior pole at T12, pelvis at L1, lower pole at L2.
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Right Kidney:
- Superior pole at L1, pelvis at L2, lower pole at L3.
- Medial borders correspond to transverse process sagittal plane, while lateral borders align with mid-clavicular line.
Pancreas
- Pancreas Head: Located at L2, nestled in duodenum.
- Body and Tail: Sweeps superiorly to T12 and T11, with the tail pointing to the spleen.
- Positioned primarily above the transpyloric line, in the left hypochondriac region, close to the left kidney.
Spleen
- Situated in the upper left quadrant, directly below the diaphragm.
- Lateral boundary with abdominal wall, inferior border at T12, medial border near upper pole of the left kidney.
Additional Notes
- Understanding anatomical relationships and references is crucial for medical imaging and interventions.
- Structures go through positional variations based on individual anatomy; knowledge of standard locations aids in diagnostics.
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Description
This quiz explores the applications of surface anatomy, focusing on the study of external body features. Understand anatomical terms related to the location and significance of these features. Test your knowledge on how surface anatomy is essential in various medical fields.
