16 Questions
What is the morphologic hallmark of apoptosis?
Formation of apoptotic bodies
In which of the following conditions does apoptosis occur?
Removal of supernumerary cells during embryonic development
What is the main difference between apoptosis and necrosis?
Involvement of inflammatory response
Which term describes genetically controlled 'programmed' cell death?
Apoptosis
Which cellular process is responsible for the webbing of fingers or toes during embryogenesis?
Apoptosis
What triggers the execution phase of apoptosis?
Accumulation of misfolded proteins
Which cellular event is controlled by the BCL-2 family members Puma and BAD?
Apoptosis
What are the structural changes associated with apoptosis?
Cell shrinkage and chromatin condensation
In which condition would defective apoptosis most likely result?
Webbed fingers and toes
What can result from pathologic atrophy after duct obstruction?
Increased apoptosis
How do necrosis and apoptosis differ in terms of cell size?
Apoptosis results in smaller cells
Which form of cell death begins as apoptosis and finishes as necrosis?
Necroptosis
What distinguishes pyroptosis from apoptosis?
Inflammatory nature
What plays a crucial role in the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis?
Mitochondrial structure and cytochrome c
Which of the following triggers apoptosis?
Accumulation of misfolded proteins
What is the primary mechanism through which apoptosis is initiated?
Intrinsic pathway
Study Notes
Apoptosis: Mechanism and Pathologic Implications
- Syndactyly is the webbing of fingers or toes due to deficient apoptosis during embryogenesis.
- Apoptosis is initiated through intrinsic or extrinsic pathways, followed by an execution phase.
- Pathologic triggers for apoptosis include DNA damage, accumulation of misfolded proteins, and interaction of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes with host cells.
- Mitochondrial structure and location of cytochrome c play a crucial role in the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis.
- The BCL-2 family members, including Puma and BAD, control the intrinsic pathway by activating proapoptotic proteins and blocking antiapoptotic proteins.
- Structural changes in apoptosis include cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, formation of apoptotic bodies, and rapid phagocytosis by macrophages.
- Defective apoptosis leads to conditions such as webbed fingers and toes, supernumerary nipples, and increased cell survival in cancer and autoimmune disorders.
- Increased apoptosis can result from DNA damage, accumulation of misfolded proteins, and pathologic atrophy after duct obstruction.
- Necrosis and apoptosis differ in terms of cell size, nucleus condition, plasma membrane integrity, cellular contents, and inflammatory response.
- Necroptosis is a form of "programmed necrosis" that begins as apoptosis and finishes as necrosis, often seen in ischemia-reperfusion injury and neurodegenerative diseases.
- Pyroptosis is a form of inflammatory cell death with distinct mechanisms and implications.
- Apoptosis has pathologic and physiological significance, with implications for various disease conditions and cellular processes.
Test your knowledge of apoptosis, a programmed cell death mechanism with important implications in health and disease. Explore the pathways, triggers, structural changes, and implications of apoptosis, as well as its distinctions from necrosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis.
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