Aplastic Anemia Overview
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Questions and Answers

What characterizes aplastic anemia?

  • Bone marrow overactivity leading to high blood cell counts
  • Consistent production of all blood cell types
  • Increased blood cell production by the bone marrow
  • Loss of blood cell production due to bone marrow failure (correct)

    • Which of the following best describes the etiology of aplastic anemia?

  • Only congenital factors are responsible
  • It is solely caused by infectious agents
  • It can be either acquired or congenital (correct)
  • It is always hereditary in nature

    • What is Fanconi's anemia primarily classified as?

  • A disorder resulting from viral infections
  • An autosomal recessive disorder (correct)
  • A common acquired disorder
  • An autosomal dominant disorder

    • Which of the following is NOT a documented cause of acquired aplastic anemia?

    <p>Genetic mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many different genes have been associated with Fanconi's anemia?

    <p>At least 15 different genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the autoimmune destruction in Aplastic Anemia?

    <p>Destruction of hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is at an increased risk of developing from Aplastic Anemia?

    <p>Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of Aplastic Anemia?

    <p>Vitamin B12 deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common diagnostic finding in a patient with Aplastic Anemia?

    <p>Pancytopenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment for Aplastic Anemia aims to reboot the bone marrow?

    <p>High-dose cyclophosphamide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which testing method is used to evaluate the bone marrow in Aplastic Anemia?

    <p>Bone marrow biopsy/aspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does Aplastic Anemia have on erythropoietin (EPO) levels?

    <p>Increased EPO levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of immune dysfunction in Aplastic Anemia?

    <p>Confusion of immune system leading to attack on stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is often indicated by the vacuolization of bone marrow precursor cells?

    <p>Reversible bone marrow suppression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs weeks to months after exposure to chloramphenicol?

    <p>Irreversible aplastic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of high doses of ionizing radiation?

    <p>Complete loss of hematopoietic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected recovery time for bone marrow counts after lesser doses of radiation?

    <p>4-6 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does ionizing radiation affect rapidly proliferating cells?

    <p>By disrupting chemical bonds in their DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is commonly associated with both chemotherapy and radiation?

    <p>Hair loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may chronic infections do to hematopoiesis?

    <p>Suppress bone marrow activity severely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates the presence of free radicals in the context of ionizing radiation?

    <p>Disruption of chemical bonds in DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemicals is most commonly associated with bone marrow aplasia due to sufficient exposure?

    <p>Benzene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of drugs associated with aplastic anemia?

    <p>The mechanism of drug-induced failure is usually unknown.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is NOT commonly linked to the development of aplastic anemia?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the effects of benzene on bone marrow function?

    <p>Induction of fatal pancytopenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about agents causing aplastic anemia is true?

    <p>Some agents produce aplasia regularly while others rarely cause it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an industrial application of benzene?

    <p>Synthetic food preservative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do many chemical agents linked with aplastic anemia have on bone marrow?

    <p>They can suppress the cellular proliferation and differentiation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors makes it difficult to identify patients who may react adversely to specific drugs causing aplastic anemia?

    <p>Patient reactions are usually unpredictable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common laboratory finding in Aplastic Anemia?

    <p>Decreased red blood cell indices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the presence of abnormally shaped red blood cells?

    <p>Poikilocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of Aplastic Anemia categorized as inherited?

    <p>Fanconi's Anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which red blood cell index is generally used to assess the average size of red blood cells?

    <p>Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is directly correlated with the presence of Pancytopenia?

    <p>Decreased progenitor stem cells in bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does hypochromic indicate when describing red blood cells?

    <p>Decreased hemoglobin concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of Aplastic Anemia, what is the consequence of bone marrow failure?

    <p>Fatty replacement of bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which morphological characteristic is specifically related to macrocytic anemia?

    <p>Large red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these factors is NOT typically associated with acquiring Aplastic Anemia?

    <p>Fanconi's Anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical condition is indicated by the presence of anisocytosis?

    <p>Variation in red blood cell sizes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria typically relate to Aplastic Anemia?

    <p>It can transform into Aplastic Anemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes a decrease in all blood cell types?

    <p>Pancytopenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might an elevated reticulocyte count indicate in a patient with anemia?

    <p>Increased red blood cell production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Aplastic Anemia

    • Aplastic anemia is a normocytic anemia caused by a failure of the bone marrow to produce blood cells.
    • In aplastic anemia, all three cell lines (RBCs, WBCs, and PLTs) are decreased, which is known as pancytopenia.
    • Aplastic anemia is caused by a decrease in progenitor stem cells in the bone marrow, leading to a decrease in all blood cell lines.
    • Decreased progenitor stem cells are caused by autoimmune destruction of hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow.
    • The mechanism for autoimmune destruction of hematopoietic stem cells is not fully understood, but it is believed that stem cells begin expressing non-self antigens, which triggers the immune system to destroy them.
    • Causes of aplastic anemia include:
      • Primary aplastic anemia (inherited/genetic):
        • Congenital disorder known as "Fanconi's anemia"
      • Acquired/secondary aplastic anemia (results from other conditions/diseases):
        • Exposure to ionizing radiation, chemical agents, drugs, infections, or viruses.
        • Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) can develop into Aplastic Anemia, and patients with Aplastic Anemia are at a higher risk of developing PNH.
    • Diagnosis of aplastic anemia includes:
      • CBC: Pancytopenia
      • Increased EPO: Due to decreased stem cells.
      • Bone marrow biopsy/aspiration: "Dry tap"; "empty marrow"; fatty infiltrates on specimen.
    • Treatment for aplastic anemia includes:
      • Bone marrow transplant
      • Immunosuppressive therapy

    Fanconi's Anemia

    • Fanconi's anemia is a rare autosomal recessive disorder affecting physical characteristics and bone marrow development.
    • Mutations in at least 15 different genes can cause Fanconi's anemia.
    • Fanconi's anemia is a rare inherited pancytopenia.

    Acquired Aplastic Anemia

    • Chemical agents associated with aplastic anemia include benzene, arsenic, insecticides, and weed killers.
    • Drugs associated with aplastic anemia include the antibiotic chloramphenicol and the anti-inflammatory drug phenylbutazone.
    • Ionizing radiation has an acute destructive effect on rapidly dividing cells in the bone marrow.
    • Infections can suppress bone marrow activity.
      • Acute, self-limited infections may suppress bone marrow activity for 10-14 days with minor effects on peripheral blood counts.
      • Chronic infections may have more severe effects on hematopoiesis.

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    Hematology I (SCIE2020) PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the fundamental aspects of aplastic anemia, including its causes, effects on blood cells, and the mechanisms behind this condition. Participants will learn about primary and acquired forms of the disease, as well as its impact on hematopoiesis. Test your knowledge and understanding of this critical topic in hematology.

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