Questions and Answers
How many microstates are in the world today?
Approximately 24
What is the difference between nationality and ethnicity?
Nationality refers to the legal attachment and allegiance of a group of people to a state.
What is citizenship?
Citizenship is a legal designation of one's nationality.
What is a nation?
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What is an example of a nation without a state?
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What is a nation-state?
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What is an example of a nation-state?
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What is a multinational state?
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What is an example of a multinational state?
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What is an example of a collapsed nation-state?
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What is a multiethnic state?
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What is the difference between a multiethnic and a multinational state?
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What is an example of a multiethnic state?
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What is a stateless nation?
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Give an example of a stateless nation.
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What is nationalism?
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What is a physical boundary?
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What is a political boundary?
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What is centripetal force?
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What is centrifugal force?
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What is the Pashtun nation?
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Who coined the terms centripetal and centrifugal force in a geographic context?
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What is an example of the dangers of nationalism?
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What is regionalism?
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What is an example of regionalism in Canada?
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What is ethnocentrism?
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What is ethnicity?
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What is an example of a conflict that arises from ethnocentrism?
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The four steps of political boundary creation are definition, delimitation, demarcation, and ______.
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What are the types of political boundaries?
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What is a physical boundary?
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What is a significant difference between a mountain boundary and a desert boundary?
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What is desertification?
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What is an example of a dispute over a river boundary?
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What are the most important clauses of the Law of the Sea?
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What are the major ways settlement patterns can relate to the characteristics of boundaries?
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What is an antecedent boundary?
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What is a subsequent boundary?
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What is a consequent boundary?
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What is a superimposed boundary?
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What is a relic boundary?
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What are the four types of boundary disputes?
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What is a definitional boundary dispute?
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What is a locational boundary dispute?
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What is an operational boundary dispute?
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What is an allocational boundary dispute?
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What are the characteristics of a unitary government?
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What are the characteristics of a federal government?
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What are the characteristics of a confederate government?
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What is irredentism?
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What is dissolution?
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What is devolution?
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What are examples of unitary countries with devolution?
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What are examples of irredentism?
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What are the four key characteristics that distinguish subsistence and commercial agriculture?
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What is intensive agriculture?
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What is extensive agriculture?
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What is a hectare?
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Where is subsistence agriculture practiced?
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What is shifting cultivation?
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What is intertillage?
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What is pastoral nomadism?
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What is transhumance?
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What are the types of commercial agriculture?
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Study Notes
Microstates and Political Entities
- Approximately 24 microstates exist globally.
- Nationality refers to legal allegiance to a state, while ethnicity indicates shared cultural identity.
- Citizenship denotes one's legal classification of nationality.
Nations, States, and Nations without States
- A nation comprises people sharing cultural traits, potentially without political independence.
- Examples of nations without states include various Native American tribes like the Iroquois.
- A nation-state features a single ethnic group; examples include Japan (98% Japanese) and Germany (90% German-identifying).
- A multinational state consists of multiple ethnic groups with histories of self-determination, exemplified by the United Kingdom.
Stateless Nations and National Identity
- Stateless nations lack their own territory; Kurds and Basques exemplify this.
- Nationalism fosters loyalty and pride in a specific nation, functioning as a centripetal or centrifugal force.
Boundaries: Physical and Political
- Physical boundaries are natural features (e.g., rivers, mountains) that separate areas, while political boundaries are human-made.
- Centripetal force unifies a nation; centrifugal force divides it.
Ethnocentrism and Its Impacts
- Ethnocentrism denotes the belief in the superiority of one's ethnicity, serving as a centrifugal force.
- Conflicts arising from ethnocentrism include the Hutu and Tutsi clash in Rwanda, which led to genocide.
Political Boundary Creation & Types
- The four steps of political boundary creation include definition, delimitation, demarcation, and administration.
- Types of political boundaries include physical, geometric, and cultural distinctions.
Types of Boundary Disputes
- Disputes can be definitional, locational, operational, or allocational.
- Definitional disputes arise from different interpretations of treaties; locational disputes occur when physical borders move.
Government Structures and Characteristics
- Unitary governments centralize power, often neglecting regional concerns.
- Federal governments share power with regional bodies, allowing for regional autonomy.
- Confederate governments allocate most power to local governments, resulting in a weak central authority.
Political Movements: Irredentism and Devolution
- Irredentism advocates for ethnic groups to form independent states or annex to similar sovereign states.
- Devolution is the transfer of power from national to regional governments.
Characteristics of Subsistence and Commercial Agriculture
- Subsistence agriculture is practiced mainly in Africa, Latin America, and Asia, using limited resources.
- Intensive agriculture requires significant labor relative to land size, while extensive agriculture uses fewer resources.
- Hectare is roughly 2.4 acres.
Farming Practices
- Shifting cultivation, or slash-and-burn agriculture, involves clearing land for short-term use before moving on, prevalent in tropical regions.
- Pastoral nomadism centers on animal herding in arid and semiarid regions, practiced by Bedouins and Mongols.
- Transhumance describes the seasonal migration of pastoral nomads.
Types of Commercial Agriculture
- Commercial agriculture includes mixed crop and livestock farming, livestock ranching, grain farming, dairy farming, Mediterranean agriculture, and commercial gardening.
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Test your knowledge of political geography with these flashcards. Cover key concepts such as microstates, nationality, ethnicity, and citizenship. Ideal for AP Human Geography students preparing for exams.