APHG Political Geography Flashcards
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APHG Political Geography Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

How many microstates are in the world today?

Approximately 24

What is the difference between nationality and ethnicity?

Nationality refers to the legal attachment and allegiance of a group of people to a state.

What is citizenship?

Citizenship is a legal designation of one's nationality.

What is a nation?

<p>A nation is a group of people who share common cultural features.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a nation without a state?

<p>Iroquois Tribe</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a nation-state?

<p>A state that has only one ethnic group living within its borders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a nation-state?

<p>Japan</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a multinational state?

<p>A state that has multiple ethnicities with a history of self-determination living together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a multinational state?

<p>The United Kingdom</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a collapsed nation-state?

<p>Yugoslavia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a multiethnic state?

<p>A state that contains more than one ethnic group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a multiethnic and a multinational state?

<p>A multiethnic state does not have a history of self-determination for its ethnic groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a multiethnic state?

<p>Belgium</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a stateless nation?

<p>Nations without a national territory or their own state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of a stateless nation.

<p>Kurds</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is nationalism?

<p>A belief that individual loyalty should be first tied with one's nation or nation-state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a physical boundary?

<p>A natural division that separates geographical areas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a political boundary?

<p>A human-made division that separates sovereign states or subnational regions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is centripetal force?

<p>A force that helps unify a country.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is centrifugal force?

<p>A force that serves to divide a country.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Pashtun nation?

<p>A nation located in both Afghanistan and Pakistan.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who coined the terms centripetal and centrifugal force in a geographic context?

<p>Richard Hartshorne</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of the dangers of nationalism?

<p>Nazi Germany</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is regionalism?

<p>The belief in the superiority of a region's interests over those of an individual nation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of regionalism in Canada?

<p>Quebec</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is ethnocentrism?

<p>The belief in the superiority of one's own ethnicity over others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is ethnicity?

<p>A shared cultural, religious, or linguistic identity held by a group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a conflict that arises from ethnocentrism?

<p>Rwanda and Burundi conflict between Hutu and Tutsi.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The four steps of political boundary creation are definition, delimitation, demarcation, and ______.

<p>administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of political boundaries?

<p>Physical, geometric, and cultural.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a physical boundary?

<p>A boundary established by an agreed upon natural feature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant difference between a mountain boundary and a desert boundary?

<p>Desert boundaries can move due to desertification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is desertification?

<p>The slow spread of desert conditions into habitable land due to human activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a dispute over a river boundary?

<p>Costa Rica and Nicaragua.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the most important clauses of the Law of the Sea?

<p>(1) A state's sovereign territory extends to 12 nautical miles from its coast. (2) An exclusive economic zone is established 200 nautical miles from its shore.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the major ways settlement patterns can relate to the characteristics of boundaries?

<p>Antecedent, Subsequent, Consequent, Superimposed, and Relic Boundaries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an antecedent boundary?

<p>A boundary determined before people inhabit an area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a subsequent boundary?

<p>A boundary drawn after an area is established and has cultural patterns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequent boundary?

<p>A boundary that considers existing cultural patterns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a superimposed boundary?

<p>A boundary forced on an area without considering existing characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a relic boundary?

<p>A boundary that no longer exists.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four types of boundary disputes?

<p>Definitional, locational, operational, and allocational.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a definitional boundary dispute?

<p>A dispute arising from differing interpretations of a border treaty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a locational boundary dispute?

<p>A dispute arising when a physical border shifts or changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an operational boundary dispute?

<p>A dispute arising from issues involving border crossings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an allocational boundary dispute?

<p>A dispute arising when a resource lies on either side of a border.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of a unitary government?

<p>The central government holds sole control of political power.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of a federal government?

<p>The central government shares political power with regions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of a confederate government?

<p>Power lies primarily with local governments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is irredentism?

<p>A policy advocating for an ethnic group to secede and form its own state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is dissolution?

<p>A movement to dissolve a country and create new ones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is devolution?

<p>The transfer of power from a national government to a regional government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of unitary countries with devolution?

<p>Italy, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Solomon Island, Spain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are examples of irredentism?

<p>Kurdistan, Chechnya, German reunification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four key characteristics that distinguish subsistence and commercial agriculture?

<p>1 - Use of Machinery, 2 - Reasons for Farming, 3 - Farm Size, 4 - Number of Farmers in the Workforce.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is intensive agriculture?

<p>A type of agriculture with high labor or resource input per land area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is extensive agriculture?

<p>A type of agriculture with low labor or resource inputs per land area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a hectare?

<p>A unit of land that is approximately 2.4 acres.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is subsistence agriculture practiced?

<p>Africa, Latin America, and Asia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is shifting cultivation?

<p>A form of extensive subsistence farming.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is intertillage?

<p>Farmers plant a variety of seed types on the same plot of land.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is pastoral nomadism?

<p>A form of subsistence agriculture involving breeding and herding animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is transhumance?

<p>Pastoral nomads who migrate on a seasonal basis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of commercial agriculture?

<p>Mixed Crop &amp; Livestock Farming, Livestock Ranching, Grain Farming, Dairy Farming, Mediterranean Agriculture, Commercial Gardening and Fruit Farming.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Microstates and Political Entities

  • Approximately 24 microstates exist globally.
  • Nationality refers to legal allegiance to a state, while ethnicity indicates shared cultural identity.
  • Citizenship denotes one's legal classification of nationality.

Nations, States, and Nations without States

  • A nation comprises people sharing cultural traits, potentially without political independence.
  • Examples of nations without states include various Native American tribes like the Iroquois.
  • A nation-state features a single ethnic group; examples include Japan (98% Japanese) and Germany (90% German-identifying).
  • A multinational state consists of multiple ethnic groups with histories of self-determination, exemplified by the United Kingdom.

Stateless Nations and National Identity

  • Stateless nations lack their own territory; Kurds and Basques exemplify this.
  • Nationalism fosters loyalty and pride in a specific nation, functioning as a centripetal or centrifugal force.

Boundaries: Physical and Political

  • Physical boundaries are natural features (e.g., rivers, mountains) that separate areas, while political boundaries are human-made.
  • Centripetal force unifies a nation; centrifugal force divides it.

Ethnocentrism and Its Impacts

  • Ethnocentrism denotes the belief in the superiority of one's ethnicity, serving as a centrifugal force.
  • Conflicts arising from ethnocentrism include the Hutu and Tutsi clash in Rwanda, which led to genocide.

Political Boundary Creation & Types

  • The four steps of political boundary creation include definition, delimitation, demarcation, and administration.
  • Types of political boundaries include physical, geometric, and cultural distinctions.

Types of Boundary Disputes

  • Disputes can be definitional, locational, operational, or allocational.
  • Definitional disputes arise from different interpretations of treaties; locational disputes occur when physical borders move.

Government Structures and Characteristics

  • Unitary governments centralize power, often neglecting regional concerns.
  • Federal governments share power with regional bodies, allowing for regional autonomy.
  • Confederate governments allocate most power to local governments, resulting in a weak central authority.

Political Movements: Irredentism and Devolution

  • Irredentism advocates for ethnic groups to form independent states or annex to similar sovereign states.
  • Devolution is the transfer of power from national to regional governments.

Characteristics of Subsistence and Commercial Agriculture

  • Subsistence agriculture is practiced mainly in Africa, Latin America, and Asia, using limited resources.
  • Intensive agriculture requires significant labor relative to land size, while extensive agriculture uses fewer resources.
  • Hectare is roughly 2.4 acres.

Farming Practices

  • Shifting cultivation, or slash-and-burn agriculture, involves clearing land for short-term use before moving on, prevalent in tropical regions.
  • Pastoral nomadism centers on animal herding in arid and semiarid regions, practiced by Bedouins and Mongols.
  • Transhumance describes the seasonal migration of pastoral nomads.

Types of Commercial Agriculture

  • Commercial agriculture includes mixed crop and livestock farming, livestock ranching, grain farming, dairy farming, Mediterranean agriculture, and commercial gardening.

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Test your knowledge of political geography with these flashcards. Cover key concepts such as microstates, nationality, ethnicity, and citizenship. Ideal for AP Human Geography students preparing for exams.

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