Apartheid Policies and Impacts Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What was the primary purpose of the Pass Law System established during apartheid?

  • To facilitate mixed racial communities in urban areas.
  • To enforce strict rules barring Black people from specific areas. (correct)
  • To promote education and opportunity for Black individuals.
  • To allow freedom of movement for all citizens regardless of race.

What significant event occurred in 1990 regarding Nelson Mandela?

  • He became the president of South Africa.
  • He was released from prison after 27 years. (correct)
  • He delivered a famous speech on apartheid.
  • He established the Pass Law System.

Which type of essay focuses on serious topics requiring deep understanding and critical thinking?

  • Conversational Essay
  • Pormal Essay (correct)
  • Di-Pormal Essay
  • Mundane Essay

What is the main characteristic of a Di-Pormal essay?

<p>It often highlights the author's personal experiences in a lighthearted manner. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did apartheid policies impact the education of Black individuals?

<p>They required a higher level of education to obtain a pass. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the uterine environment in the female reproductive system?

<p>Nourishment and development of a new individual (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is primarily responsible for the development of female secondary sexual characteristics?

<p>Estrogen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the endocrine system regulate in the body?

<p>Production of hormones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which major organ is primarily responsible for sending, receiving, and processing information in the nervous system?

<p>Brain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes hormones in the endocrine system?

<p>They can cause hormonal imbalances if produced excessively or insufficiently. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers a response in the nervous system?

<p>Stimulus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of testosterone in the male reproductive system?

<p>Development of masculine characteristics and sperm cells production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gland is NOT part of the endocrine system?

<p>Spinal cord (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does grammatical competence comprise according to Canale and Swain?

<p>Understanding and using phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and orthographic rules. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which question directly relates to syntax as discussed in the content?

<p>How can sentences be constructed to convey meaning? (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the smallest unit of sound in a language?

<p>Phoneme (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does sociolinguistic competence include?

<p>Using appropriate language based on social context. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two components considered for developing discourse competence?

<p>Cohesion and coherence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of discourse primarily aims to describe a visual concept?

<p>Description (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of grammatical cohesion in discourse?

<p>To ensure logical connections and consistency in communication. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does strategic competence involve in language use?

<p>Using coping strategies for effective communication. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'function words' refer to?

<p>Words that serve a grammatical purpose, like conjunctions and pronouns. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes denotation?

<p>It is the literal dictionary definition of a word. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of discourse is primarily concerned with how ideas are logically connected?

<p>Cohesion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does orthography encompass?

<p>Rules of spelling and punctuation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of sentence structure does 'compound' refer to?

<p>A sentence made of two or more independent clauses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of Messenger RNA (mRNA) in protein synthesis?

<p>To encode the genetic information from DNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of RNA is responsible for bringing amino acids to the ribosomes?

<p>Transfer RNA (tRNA) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a codon?

<p>A three-nucleotide sequence on mRNA that encodes an amino acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process occurs during transcription?

<p>mRNA is synthesized from a DNA template (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mutation results in a premature stop codon in protein synthesis?

<p>Nonsense Mutation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mutation involves the loss of a piece of a chromosome?

<p>Deletion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the central dogma of molecular biology explain?

<p>The flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does natural selection primarily depend on?

<p>The adaptability of organisms to their environment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which evolutionist is known for the theory of survival of the fittest?

<p>Charles Darwin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of gene mutations?

<p>They involve errors in individual nucleotides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of a silent mutation on protein synthesis?

<p>It has no effect on the amino acid sequence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that traits acquired during an organism's lifetime can be passed to its offspring?

<p>Theory of Acquired Characteristics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a frameshift mutation?

<p>A deletion or insertion that alters the reading frame of the gene (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the myelin sheath in a neuron?

<p>To speed up neural impulses and provide protection. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neuron is primarily responsible for receiving sensory information?

<p>Sensory Neuron (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during negative feedback in homeostasis?

<p>Hormonal levels decrease to restore balance within the system. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the menstrual cycle does ovulation occur?

<p>Ovulation Phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of progesterone in the menstrual cycle?

<p>Thickens the uterine lining to prepare for implantation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary trigger for the positive feedback mechanism during childbirth?

<p>The pressure of the baby's head on the cervix. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the pituitary gland in the menstrual cycle?

<p>It starts a sequence of hormonal changes for pregnancy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the Luteal Phase of the menstrual cycle?

<p>The uterus prepares for implantation of a fertilized egg. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does high levels of estrogen have during the menstrual cycle?

<p>Triggers ovulation and maintains the uterine lining. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of the menstrual cycle involves the breakdown of the uterine lining?

<p>Menstrual Phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of evidence is considered the strongest for proving evolutionary relationships among organisms?

<p>Molecular Evidence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of interneurons?

<p>To process information within the brain and spinal cord. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of homologous structures in evolutionary biology?

<p>They indicate a common ancestor despite different functions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in the ovaries during the Follicular Phase of the menstrual cycle?

<p>Follicles mature, preparing for ovulation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is primarily responsible for developing and maintaining the corpus luteum?

<p>Luteinizing Hormone (LH) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'analogous structures' refer to?

<p>Structures with the same function but different evolutionary origin. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to hormone levels if fertilization does not occur after ovulation?

<p>Progesterone levels drop, leading to menstruation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the fossil record play in understanding evolution?

<p>It enables scientists to analyze past species' structures. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

July 18 is recognized as 'Mandela Day' for what reason?

<p>To encourage acts of kindness and service. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which major aspect characterized Nelson Mandela's leadership qualities?

<p>He was admired for his humility and benevolence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the key components of apartheid in South Africa?

<p>Segregation of public facilities based on race. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what year did Nelson Mandela receive the Nobel Peace Prize?

<p>1993 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'Vestigial organs' refer to in biology?

<p>Organs that have no functional value. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of 'Comparative Embryology' in studying evolution?

<p>To identify similarities in prenatal development. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following traits is NOT attributed to Nelson Mandela?

<p>He favored racial segregation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the five key communication skills identified?

<p>Listening (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Haka-haka' refer to in the context of anecdotes?

<p>Fictional or speculative stories. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason scientists analyze chemical evidence in fossils?

<p>To determine the age of the fossils. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Reproductive System

The system responsible for the production of sex hormones, gametes (sperm and egg cells), and the development of sexual characteristics.

Testes

The male reproductive organs that produce testosterone and sperm cells.

Ovaries

The female reproductive organs that produce estrogen and progesterone, and egg cells.

Endocrine System

The system responsible for regulating many bodily processes through the release of hormones.

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Hormones

Chemical messengers produced by the endocrine system that regulate various bodily functions.

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Nervous System

The control center of the body, responsible for receiving, processing, and sending information throughout the body.

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Central Nervous System

The part of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord.

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Peripheral Nervous System

The part of the nervous system that connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body.

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Dendrites

The extension of a neuron that receives signals from other neurons or sensory receptors.

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Cell Body

The control center of a neuron, containing the nucleus and other essential structures.

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Axon

The long, slender projection of a neuron that carries signals away from the cell body towards other neurons or effector organs.

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Myelin Sheath

A fatty substance that covers the axon of some neurons, providing insulation and speeding up the transmission of signals.

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Terminal Branches of Axon

Tiny branches at the end of the axon that form junctions with other cells, allowing for the transmission of signals.

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Sensory Neuron

Neurons that receive sensory information from the environment through sensory receptors.

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Interneuron

Neurons that connect and process information between sensory and motor neurons, located mainly in the brain and spinal cord.

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Motor Neuron

Neurons that carry signals from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands, causing them to contract or release chemicals.

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Homeostasis

The process by which a living organism maintains a stable internal environment.

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Feedback Mechanisms

A series of events where changes in a system trigger a response that can either amplify or reduce the original change.

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Positive Feedback

A feedback loop where the product of a reaction increases the rate of the reaction, leading to an amplification effect.

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Negative Feedback

A feedback loop where the product of a reaction decreases the rate of the reaction, restoring balance to the system

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Menstrual Cycle

The monthly cycle of changes in the female reproductive system that prepares the body for potential pregnancy.

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Menstrual Phase

The phase of the menstrual cycle where the lining of the uterus sheds, resulting in menstruation.

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Follicular Phase

The phase of the menstrual cycle where the lining of the uterus thickens in preparation for a possible egg implantation.

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Transcription

A process in which DNA is copied to create a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule. It occurs in the nucleus of a cell and is essential for protein synthesis.

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Transfer RNA (tRNA)

One of the three types of RNA that plays a crucial role in protein synthesis by carrying amino acids to the ribosomes, where they are assembled into proteins.

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Codon

A sequence of three nucleotides on a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule that encodes a specific amino acid.

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Anticodon

A sequence of three nucleotides on a transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule that is complementary to a codon on mRNA.

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Translation

The process in which the genetic code carried on mRNA is translated into a chain of amino acids to create a protein. This occurs at the ribosomes.

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Mutation

A change in the DNA sequence, which can result in a variation in the protein that is produced. Not all are harmful, but some can be detrimental.

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Deletion (Chromosomal Mutation)

A type of mutation where a whole segment of a chromosome is deleted.

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Duplication (Chromosomal Mutation)

A type of mutation where a segment of a chromosome is duplicated, resulting in an extra copy of the genes in that region.

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Silent Mutation

A type of mutation where a single nucleotide is changed, but the resulting amino acid remains the same.

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Frameshift Mutation

A type of mutation where an insertion or deletion of a nucleotide(s) shifts the reading frame of the genetic code, resulting in a completely different protein sequence.

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Nonsense Mutation

A type of mutation where a nucleotide change leads to a premature stop codon, resulting in a shortened and often nonfunctional protein.

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Missense Mutation

A type of mutation where a nucleotide change leads to a different amino acid being incorporated into the protein sequence.

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Evolution

The process of change in the characteristics of a species over a long time.

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Theory

A well-supported explanation for how something in nature works, based on rigorous testing and observations.

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Theory of Evolution

The theory that all living species have evolved over time through changes in their genetic makeup.

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Theory of Acquired Characteristics

The idea that organisms develop traits in response to their environment, which can be inherited by their offspring. This theory has been disproven.

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Natural Selection

The scientific concept, first proposed by Charles Darwin, that organisms with traits better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, leading to increased prevalence of those traits in future generations.

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Molecular Evidence

The analysis of DNA sequences to understand evolutionary relationships. Organisms with similar DNA sequences are considered more closely related.

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Comparative Embryology

The study of embryonic development across different species reveals similarities, implying a common ancestor.

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Structural & Anatomical Evidence

Comparing body structures of different organisms reveals similarities and differences, providing clues about evolutionary relationships.

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Homologous Structures

Structures with similar origins but different functions that evolved from a common ancestor (e.g., human arm and bat wing).

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Analogous Structures

Structures with different origins but similar functions that evolved for similar environments (e.g., bird wing and insect wing).

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Vestigial Organs

Organs that have lost their original function over time due to evolutionary changes (e.g., appendix in humans).

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Fossil Record

Fossils, the preserved remains of ancient organisms, provide a record of life forms from different periods, revealing changes over time.

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Anecdote

A type of short story that recounts interesting incidents in the life of a notable person, offering valuable lessons.

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Anecdote from Real Life

A type of anecdote based on facts and real experiences.

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Anecdote from Imagination

A type of anecdote based on speculation and imagination.

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Mandela Day

A day dedicated to honoring Nelson Mandela's legacy by encouraging individuals to perform acts of kindness for others.

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Apartheid

A system of racial segregation and discrimination enforced in South Africa from 1948 to 1994.

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Communicative Competence

The ability to communicate effectively, using various communication skills.

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Macroscopic Communication Skills

The major communication skills that are essential for effective communication: speaking, listening, reading, writing, and viewing.

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Formal Essay

A type of writing that explores serious topics and requires a deeper understanding of the subject matter, often using evidence and reasoning.

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Informal Essay

This refers to the type of essay that often includes personal experiences, humor, or less formal language to connect with the reader and entertain. It's lighter than a formal essay.

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Persuasive Essay

A type of essay that aims to convince the reader of a specific viewpoint or to take action. The writer uses persuasive language and evidence.

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Expository Essay

A type of essay that explains something to the reader. It provides information, steps, or details about a specific topic or process.

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Grammatical Competence

The ability to understand and use language in a grammatically correct way. It encompasses knowledge of phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and orthographic rules.

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Phoneme

The smallest unit of sound in a language, like the 'k' in 'cat' or the 'th' in 'think'.

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Morpheme

The smallest meaningful unit of a word, like the 'un-' in 'unhappy' or the '-ing' in 'walking'.

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Syntax

The study of how words are combined to form sentences and phrases.

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Semantics

The study of word meaning. It helps us understand the literal and figurative meanings of words and how they relate to each other.

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Sociolinguistic Competence

The ability to use language appropriately in different social contexts. It includes understanding and following social norms and customs related to language use.

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Discourse Competence

The ability to use language effectively and meaningfully to communicate ideas and understand the messages of others.

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Strategic Competence

The ability to use coping strategies to overcome limitations or gaps in language knowledge. It's about being able to communicate even when you don't know all the rules.

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Lexicon

The collection of words or vocabulary in a language. It includes both content and function words.

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Orthography

The set of rules governing spelling in a language, including the use of letters, punctuation, and diacritics.

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Content Words

Words that carry the main meaning of a sentence, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. They are the core content of what's being communicated.

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Function Words

Words that connect words and phrases in a sentence and help to clarify the relationships between them. They include pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, and articles.

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Denotation

The literal dictionary definition of a word.

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Connotation

The implied or figurative meaning of a word, often based on its cultural or emotional associations.

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Non-Verbal Communication

The ability to communicate using non-verbal cues such as facial expressions, body language, and gestures. It plays a significant role in understanding and interpreting messages.

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Study Notes

Coordinated Functions of Body Systems (Reproductive, Endocrine, and Nervous)

  • Reproductive System: Governs new life, responsible for procreation.
  • Develops and nourishes a new individual in the uterus.
  • Produces gametes: Sperm (male), Egg (female).
  • Produces reproductive hormones: Testosterone (male), Estrogen (female), and Progesterone (female), which travel through the bloodstream.

Male Reproductive System

  • Secretes male sex hormone (testosterone).
  • Produces and transfers sperm.
  • Testis (singular; testes, plural): Secrets and makes testosterone, stimulating masculine characteristics.

Female Reproductive System

  • Produces female sex hormones (estrogen, progesterone).
  • Produces egg cells.
  • Receives sperm from a male.
  • Nurturing the development of and provides nourishment for the new individual (pregnancy).

Endocrine System

  • Secretes hormones to regulate bodily functions (bone development, heartbeat, reproduction).
  • Controls mood, growth, and development.
  • Major organs: Pineal, Pituitary, Thyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Ovary, Testis (These are also major organs in the reproductive and nervous systems).
  • Hormonal imbalances occur with too much or too little hormone in the blood.
  • Puberty involves endocrine system's release of hormones for sexual maturity.

Nervous System

  • Acts as the body's control center and physical response to reproduction.
  • Sends, receives, and processes information throughout the body and from the environment.
  • Major organ: Brain

Central Nervous System

  • Brain: Controls most body functions.
  • Spinal Cord: Pathway for messages between the brain and body.

Peripheral Nervous System

  • Nerves (groups of neurons): Carry electrical impulses between the brain and body.
  • Stimulus: Something that triggers a reaction.

Neuron Structure

  • Dendrites: Receive information from sensory receptors (five senses).
  • Nucleus: Center of life, providing energy.
  • Cell Body: Holds the nucleus, the cell's life support.
  • Axon: Carries the neuron's messages to other body areas.
  • Myelin Sheath: Covers the axon (protection) and speeds neural impulses.
  • Terminal Branches of Axon: Form junctions with other cells (connections).

Types of Neurons

  • Sensory Neuron: Receives information (five senses).
  • Interneuron: Processes information (brain and spinal cord).
  • Motor Neuron: Causes action in muscles or glands (movement).

Feedback Mechanisms and Homeostasis

  • Homeostasis: Process of maintaining a stable internal environment/balanced hormones.
  • Feedback Mechanisms (Loops): Processes where a change triggers a response to return the system to normal.
  • Positive Feedback: Amplifies a change—e.g., childbirth (oxytocin secretion).
  • Negative Feedback: Decreases a change—e.g., blood sugar regulation (insulin secretion).

Menstrual Cycle

  • Monthly process (ages 10-13) to prepare for possible pregnancy (28 days; menstruation 5-7 days).
  • Ovarian Cycle: Events in the ovaries.
  • Uterine Cycle: Events in the uterus.
  • Pituitary Gland: Initiates hormonal changes for pregnancy.
  • Major Hormones: FSH, LH, Progesterone, Estrogen.

Phases of Menstrual Cycle

  • Menstruation (Menstrual Phase): Days 1-7. Uterine lining sheds, releasing blood, mucus, and tissue.
  • Follicular Phase: Days 8-11. Ovaries mature follicles; prepares uterine lining for egg.
  • Ovulation Phase: Days 11-15. Egg released on day 14.
  • Luteal Phase: Days 16-28. Uterine lining thickens for potential implantation - fertilization leads to pregnancy, and no fertilization leads to menstruation.
  • Corpus Luteum: Temporary gland producing progesterone.

Protein Synthesis and Mutations

  • DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid): Double-helix; 4 nucleobases (Adenine-Thymine, Cytosine-Guanine).
  • RNA (Ribonucleic Acid): Single-helix; 4 nucleobases (Adenine-Uracil, Cytosine-Guanine).
  • Types of RNA: mRNA (message), rRNA (ribosomal structure), tRNA (carries amino acids).

Protein Synthesis Processes

  • Transcription: DNA>mRNA
  • Initiation/separation of DNA strands.
  • Elongation (mRNA base pairings to DNA).
  • Termination (mRNA leaves nucleus).
  • Translation: mRNA>Protein; occurs in ribosomes.

Mutations

  • Mistakes in DNA.
  • Chromosomal Mutations: Large DNA pieces (in transcription). (Deletion, insertion, inversion, duplication).
  • Gene Mutations: Individual nucleotide errors (in translation). (Silent, frameshift, nonsense, missense).

Theory of Evolution

  • Evolution: Species change over time.
  • Theory of Evolution: Explains that species develop from genetic changes over time.
  • Lamarck: Proposed early theories of evolution. (use, disuse, acquired characteristics)
  • Darwin: "Father of Evolution," developed the theory of natural selection.
  • Wallace: Proposed similar ideas to Darwin.
  • Natural Selection: Organisms better suited to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully.
  • Evidence of Evolution: Molecular (DNA), fossil record, comparative embryology, and structural/anatomical (homologous, analogous, vestigial).

Filipino Notes (Social Studies – Nelson Mandela)

  • Anekdota: Short stories of impactful events in a person's life.
  • Nelson Mandela: Imprisoned 27 years for anti-apartheid (racial discrimination) activism.
  • Nobel Peace Prize: 1993, for fighting racial injustice.
  • First Black president of South Africa: Elected in 1994.
  • Mandela Day: Celebrates Nelson Mandela’s birthday (July 18th) and encourages acts of service.

Filipino - Social Studies – Communication Skills

  • Communication Skills: The five macro skills (speaking, listening, reading, writing, viewing).
  • Grammatical/Linguistic Component: Understanding and using phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and orthography—correct use of words.
  • Sociolinguistic Component: Ability to use appropriate language in social situations.
  • Discourse Component: Using language meaningfully to convey and understand messages. (cohesion, coherence)
  • Strategic Component: Handling communication challenges when language or situation isn't perfect.

Filipino Notes - Architecture of Peace (Archbishop Desmond Tutu)

  • Apartheid: System of racial segregation in South Africa—including the Pass Law System.
  • Nelson Mandela & FW de Klerk: Crucial role in ending apartheid and establishing a new constitution.
  • Formal Essay: Addresses serious, complex topics.
  • Informal Essay: Deals with lighter, personal topics.

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Test your knowledge about the Pass Law System, significant events in Nelson Mandela's life, and the essays associated with topics requiring critical thinking. This quiz also explores how apartheid policies affected the education of Black individuals in South Africa.

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