Apartheid Policies and Impacts Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What was the primary purpose of the Pass Law System established during apartheid?

To facilitate mixed racial communities in urban areas.

To enforce strict rules barring Black people from specific areas. (correct)

To promote education and opportunity for Black individuals.

To allow freedom of movement for all citizens regardless of race.

What significant event occurred in 1990 regarding Nelson Mandela?

He became the president of South Africa.

He was released from prison after 27 years. (correct)

He delivered a famous speech on apartheid.

He established the Pass Law System.

Which type of essay focuses on serious topics requiring deep understanding and critical thinking?

Conversational Essay

Pormal Essay (correct)

Di-Pormal Essay

Mundane Essay

What is the main characteristic of a Di-Pormal essay?

It often highlights the author's personal experiences in a lighthearted manner. Signup and view all the answers

How did apartheid policies impact the education of Black individuals?

They required a higher level of education to obtain a pass. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the uterine environment in the female reproductive system?

Nourishment and development of a new individual Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is primarily responsible for the development of female secondary sexual characteristics?

Estrogen Signup and view all the answers

What does the endocrine system regulate in the body?

Production of hormones Signup and view all the answers

Which major organ is primarily responsible for sending, receiving, and processing information in the nervous system?

Brain Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes hormones in the endocrine system?

They can cause hormonal imbalances if produced excessively or insufficiently. Signup and view all the answers

What triggers a response in the nervous system?

Stimulus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of testosterone in the male reproductive system?

Development of masculine characteristics and sperm cells production Signup and view all the answers

Which gland is NOT part of the endocrine system?

Spinal cord Signup and view all the answers

What does grammatical competence comprise according to Canale and Swain?

Understanding and using phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and orthographic rules. Signup and view all the answers

Which question directly relates to syntax as discussed in the content?

How can sentences be constructed to convey meaning? Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the smallest unit of sound in a language?

Phoneme Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does sociolinguistic competence include?

Using appropriate language based on social context. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two components considered for developing discourse competence?

Cohesion and coherence Signup and view all the answers

Which type of discourse primarily aims to describe a visual concept?

Description Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of grammatical cohesion in discourse?

To ensure logical connections and consistency in communication. Signup and view all the answers

What does strategic competence involve in language use?

Using coping strategies for effective communication. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'function words' refer to?

Words that serve a grammatical purpose, like conjunctions and pronouns. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes denotation?

It is the literal dictionary definition of a word. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of discourse is primarily concerned with how ideas are logically connected?

Cohesion Signup and view all the answers

What does orthography encompass?

Rules of spelling and punctuation. Signup and view all the answers

What type of sentence structure does 'compound' refer to?

A sentence made of two or more independent clauses. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of Messenger RNA (mRNA) in protein synthesis?

To encode the genetic information from DNA Signup and view all the answers

Which type of RNA is responsible for bringing amino acids to the ribosomes?

Transfer RNA (tRNA) Signup and view all the answers

What is a codon?

A three-nucleotide sequence on mRNA that encodes an amino acid Signup and view all the answers

What process occurs during transcription?

mRNA is synthesized from a DNA template Signup and view all the answers

Which mutation results in a premature stop codon in protein synthesis?

Nonsense Mutation Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mutation involves the loss of a piece of a chromosome?

Deletion Signup and view all the answers

What does the central dogma of molecular biology explain?

The flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein Signup and view all the answers

What does natural selection primarily depend on?

The adaptability of organisms to their environment Signup and view all the answers

Which evolutionist is known for the theory of survival of the fittest?

Charles Darwin Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of gene mutations?

They involve errors in individual nucleotides Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of a silent mutation on protein synthesis?

It has no effect on the amino acid sequence Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that traits acquired during an organism's lifetime can be passed to its offspring?

Theory of Acquired Characteristics Signup and view all the answers

What is a frameshift mutation?

A deletion or insertion that alters the reading frame of the gene Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the myelin sheath in a neuron?

To speed up neural impulses and provide protection. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neuron is primarily responsible for receiving sensory information?

Sensory Neuron Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during negative feedback in homeostasis?

Hormonal levels decrease to restore balance within the system. Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the menstrual cycle does ovulation occur?

Ovulation Phase Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of progesterone in the menstrual cycle?

Thickens the uterine lining to prepare for implantation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary trigger for the positive feedback mechanism during childbirth?

The pressure of the baby's head on the cervix. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the pituitary gland in the menstrual cycle?

It starts a sequence of hormonal changes for pregnancy. Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the Luteal Phase of the menstrual cycle?

The uterus prepares for implantation of a fertilized egg. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does high levels of estrogen have during the menstrual cycle?

Triggers ovulation and maintains the uterine lining. Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of the menstrual cycle involves the breakdown of the uterine lining?

Menstrual Phase Signup and view all the answers

Which type of evidence is considered the strongest for proving evolutionary relationships among organisms?

Molecular Evidence Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of interneurons?

To process information within the brain and spinal cord. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of homologous structures in evolutionary biology?

They indicate a common ancestor despite different functions. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in the ovaries during the Follicular Phase of the menstrual cycle?

Follicles mature, preparing for ovulation. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is primarily responsible for developing and maintaining the corpus luteum?

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'analogous structures' refer to?

Structures with the same function but different evolutionary origin. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to hormone levels if fertilization does not occur after ovulation?

Progesterone levels drop, leading to menstruation. Signup and view all the answers

What role does the fossil record play in understanding evolution?

It enables scientists to analyze past species' structures. Signup and view all the answers

July 18 is recognized as 'Mandela Day' for what reason?

To encourage acts of kindness and service. Signup and view all the answers

Which major aspect characterized Nelson Mandela's leadership qualities?

He was admired for his humility and benevolence. Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the key components of apartheid in South Africa?

Segregation of public facilities based on race. Signup and view all the answers

In what year did Nelson Mandela receive the Nobel Peace Prize?

1993 Signup and view all the answers

What does 'Vestigial organs' refer to in biology?

Organs that have no functional value. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of 'Comparative Embryology' in studying evolution?

To identify similarities in prenatal development. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following traits is NOT attributed to Nelson Mandela?

He favored racial segregation. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the five key communication skills identified?

Listening Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Haka-haka' refer to in the context of anecdotes?

Fictional or speculative stories. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason scientists analyze chemical evidence in fossils?

To determine the age of the fossils. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Coordinated Functions of Body Systems (Reproductive, Endocrine, and Nervous)

Reproductive System: Governs new life, responsible for procreation.
Develops and nourishes a new individual in the uterus.
Produces gametes: Sperm (male), Egg (female).
Produces reproductive hormones: Testosterone (male), Estrogen (female), and Progesterone (female), which travel through the bloodstream.

Male Reproductive System

Secretes male sex hormone (testosterone).
Produces and transfers sperm.
Testis (singular; testes, plural): Secrets and makes testosterone, stimulating masculine characteristics.

Female Reproductive System

Produces female sex hormones (estrogen, progesterone).
Produces egg cells.
Receives sperm from a male.
Nurturing the development of and provides nourishment for the new individual (pregnancy).

Endocrine System

Secretes hormones to regulate bodily functions (bone development, heartbeat, reproduction).
Controls mood, growth, and development.
Major organs: Pineal, Pituitary, Thyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Ovary, Testis (These are also major organs in the reproductive and nervous systems).
Hormonal imbalances occur with too much or too little hormone in the blood.
Puberty involves endocrine system's release of hormones for sexual maturity.

Nervous System

Acts as the body's control center and physical response to reproduction.
Sends, receives, and processes information throughout the body and from the environment.
Major organ: Brain

Central Nervous System

Brain: Controls most body functions.
Spinal Cord: Pathway for messages between the brain and body.

Peripheral Nervous System

Nerves (groups of neurons): Carry electrical impulses between the brain and body.
Stimulus: Something that triggers a reaction.

Neuron Structure

Dendrites: Receive information from sensory receptors (five senses).
Nucleus: Center of life, providing energy.
Cell Body: Holds the nucleus, the cell's life support.
Axon: Carries the neuron's messages to other body areas.
Myelin Sheath: Covers the axon (protection) and speeds neural impulses.
Terminal Branches of Axon: Form junctions with other cells (connections).

Types of Neurons

Sensory Neuron: Receives information (five senses).
Interneuron: Processes information (brain and spinal cord).
Motor Neuron: Causes action in muscles or glands (movement).

Feedback Mechanisms and Homeostasis

Homeostasis: Process of maintaining a stable internal environment/balanced hormones.
Feedback Mechanisms (Loops): Processes where a change triggers a response to return the system to normal.
Positive Feedback: Amplifies a change—e.g., childbirth (oxytocin secretion).
Negative Feedback: Decreases a change—e.g., blood sugar regulation (insulin secretion).

Menstrual Cycle

Monthly process (ages 10-13) to prepare for possible pregnancy (28 days; menstruation 5-7 days).
Ovarian Cycle: Events in the ovaries.
Uterine Cycle: Events in the uterus.
Pituitary Gland: Initiates hormonal changes for pregnancy.
Major Hormones: FSH, LH, Progesterone, Estrogen.

Phases of Menstrual Cycle

Menstruation (Menstrual Phase): Days 1-7. Uterine lining sheds, releasing blood, mucus, and tissue.
Follicular Phase: Days 8-11. Ovaries mature follicles; prepares uterine lining for egg.
Ovulation Phase: Days 11-15. Egg released on day 14.
Luteal Phase: Days 16-28. Uterine lining thickens for potential implantation - fertilization leads to pregnancy, and no fertilization leads to menstruation.
Corpus Luteum: Temporary gland producing progesterone.

Protein Synthesis and Mutations

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid): Double-helix; 4 nucleobases (Adenine-Thymine, Cytosine-Guanine).
RNA (Ribonucleic Acid): Single-helix; 4 nucleobases (Adenine-Uracil, Cytosine-Guanine).
Types of RNA: mRNA (message), rRNA (ribosomal structure), tRNA (carries amino acids).

Protein Synthesis Processes

Transcription: DNA>mRNA
Initiation/separation of DNA strands.
Elongation (mRNA base pairings to DNA).
Termination (mRNA leaves nucleus).
Translation: mRNA>Protein; occurs in ribosomes.

Mutations

Mistakes in DNA.
Chromosomal Mutations: Large DNA pieces (in transcription). (Deletion, insertion, inversion, duplication).
Gene Mutations: Individual nucleotide errors (in translation). (Silent, frameshift, nonsense, missense).

Theory of Evolution

Evolution: Species change over time.
Theory of Evolution: Explains that species develop from genetic changes over time.
Lamarck: Proposed early theories of evolution. (use, disuse, acquired characteristics)
Darwin: "Father of Evolution," developed the theory of natural selection.
Wallace: Proposed similar ideas to Darwin.
Natural Selection: Organisms better suited to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully.
Evidence of Evolution: Molecular (DNA), fossil record, comparative embryology, and structural/anatomical (homologous, analogous, vestigial).

Anekdota: Short stories of impactful events in a person's life.
Nelson Mandela: Imprisoned 27 years for anti-apartheid (racial discrimination) activism.
Nobel Peace Prize: 1993, for fighting racial injustice.
First Black president of South Africa: Elected in 1994.
Mandela Day: Celebrates Nelson Mandela’s birthday (July 18th) and encourages acts of service.

Communication Skills: The five macro skills (speaking, listening, reading, writing, viewing).
Grammatical/Linguistic Component: Understanding and using phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and orthography—correct use of words.
Sociolinguistic Component: Ability to use appropriate language in social situations.
Discourse Component: Using language meaningfully to convey and understand messages. (cohesion, coherence)
Strategic Component: Handling communication challenges when language or situation isn't perfect.

Filipino Notes - Architecture of Peace (Archbishop Desmond Tutu)

Apartheid: System of racial segregation in South Africa—including the Pass Law System.
Nelson Mandela & FW de Klerk: Crucial role in ending apartheid and establishing a new constitution.
Formal Essay: Addresses serious, complex topics.
Informal Essay: Deals with lighter, personal topics.

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Description

Test your knowledge about the Pass Law System, significant events in Nelson Mandela's life, and the essays associated with topics requiring critical thinking. This quiz also explores how apartheid policies affected the education of Black individuals in South Africa.