Apartheid in South Africa

• In 1948, South Africa had four ethnic groups, with power held by the white minority of mainly European descent.
• This minority included Afrikaners (Dutch and German settlers speaking Afrikaans) and English speakers.
• The National Party, supported by Afrikaners, won power in 1948 and implemented apartheid.
• Apartheid involved segregating races.
• Post-1950, apartheid intensified the policy later with Bantustans or tribal homelands. and repressive measures put in place
• Non-white South Africans protested apartheid peacefully, but were repressed
• The African National Congress (ANC), a multi-racial anti-apartheid group, was the main force that stood up to apartheid.
• The Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC), emerged at the end of the decade, believing only people of colour should fight apartheid.

A Brief History of South Africa

• Before European colonization, South Africa was inhabited for thousands of years by African peoples referred to as Bantus by settlers.
• In 1652, Dutch East India Trading Company employees arrived, encountering the San and Khoi, who naturally feared their presence.
• Settlers from the Netherlands and Germany began farming and importing slaves from elsewhere in Africa.
• The settlers called themselves Boers.
• The Boers then expanded North and West, meeting the Xhosa population.
• The British arrived due to the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.
• By the 19th century, the Africans lost more and more land to settlers.

The Afrikaners

• The relationship between the Boer settlers and the British was uneasy, especially after the British abolished slavery in 1833.
• Many Boer settlers migrated into the hinterland away from British rule; the movement was called the Great Trek.
• They thought they moved into empty land but the land appeared largely uninhabited due to local wars and famine.
• Afrikaners later use this rationalise their occupation of land
• They also invoked the Covenant of 1838 to justify possession of the land.
• In 1838, before the Battle of Blood River against the Zulus, the Boers allegedly made a Covenant with God, seeking victory.

Life in South Africa c.1948

• In 1948, the National Party won in Parliament.
• The party supported apartheid, beginning a system to segregate races in South Africa.

Segregation in Practice

• Apartheid has 4 basic principle
• South Africa had four racial groups, each with its own characteristics.
• Whites were the "civilized race" with absolute power
• The white race was a single unit, including Afrikaners and English speakers.
• Black Africans consisted of separate tribes needing to be kept apart.
• White interests took priority, not necessarily providing separate but equal facilities.
• After 1948, laws determined racial classification, influencing life prospects
• The thickness of one's hair was a factor considered by society.
• White South Africans gained high earning potential, pleasant living, and wealth
• Africans faced discrimination, hard labor in mines and farms, and low pay

Grand and Petty Apartheid

• Grand apartheid was an overarching plan to keep races apart through segregated living areas.
• Petty apartheid referred to day-to-day restrictions like separate facilities.

Segregation Preceded National Party Victory

• Discriminatory policies aimed at maintaining white supremacy and relegating non-whites existed before the National Party's win in 1948
• Intellectuals designed segregation under apartheid to protect white superiority and existence

White Justification for Discrimination and Segregation

• White people considered themselves superior, believing Africans, were lazy and uneducated.
• Whites thought Africans needed guidance, not opportunity.
• African labor was needed, so laws restricted them to jobs, especially in mines.

Pass Laws

• Pass laws, developed over time, managed African movement and migrant labor.
• It operated as an internal passport system to control residence, work, and location and became the linchpin of apartheid

Urbanization and Industrialization

• In the 20th century, there was a growth of urbanization in general and industrialization among Africans.
• This resulted from the growing mining industries in South Africa, where cheap labor was needed.
• In 1919 - 1930, every African man expected to work for white people
• By 1946, 23% of Africans were in urban areas, compared to 75% of white people, 64% of Coloured people, and 71% of Indians.
• Migrant workers lived in single-sex barracks or on special settlements on the edges of towns

Townships

• Townships were generally overcrowded, insanitary and unsafe, continuing until the end of apartheid.

The Gold Rush and Boer Wars

• Gold rushes attracted migrants to South Africa
• Land Acts prevented Africans from White farms
• Africans were forced to work for wages in a monetary based society
• Africans were allowed to live on the poorest quality land

Race, Segregation and Discrimination

• The system benefited white workers, giving them preferential treatment.
• Most employment for African workers was low-skilled, low-paid, and often domestic.
• Africans needed permission from their employer to be in certain areas.
• The Native Urban Area Act made it illegal for Africans to own land.

Legislation

• Native Labour Regulation Act of 1911 allowed for the employment of Africans but prohibited them for striking.
• The 1913 Natives Land Act restricted Africans to limited land areas less than 10%
• The 1936 Native Trust and Land extended the land to 13.60% of South Africa.
• Representation of Natives Act of 1936 removed Africans from common voters' rolls

Note on "Coloured"

• Cape Coloured people descended from mixed marriages
• Indians descended from 150,000 people the British were in charge of

Afrikaner Culture and Politics

• A belief through hard work, success could be achieved without outside help
• Strong parental Christianity
• A belief in the real truth in the bible and being part of the chosen few
• German and Dutch origins led to a divide from other Europeans
• As time went on, Afrikaners believed they were African, not European

The Influence of Britain

• There were often harsh conditions during the years of Imperialism
• Although they installed segregation, it was to please and not oppress
• There was a large military expense to keep them from harm

Political Parties Before the Second World War

• Afrikaners believed that even though they did not side with the Britain during the Boer Wars, they were loyal to the British Empire.

The Second World War

• They had been defeated in the second Boer War 1899-1902 and wanted revenge on Britain.
• They supported retain in the First World War and many had strong ties to Germany.
• They resented Engish patriotism in South Africa.

Strengthening the National Party

• The government had two aims:
  • To impose white supremacy through a strict system of apartheid.
  • End political ties with Britain

Codifying and Implementing Apartheid, 1948-59

• Petty a day to day segregation that was informal
• Grand apartheid that separated races completely

Post War Unity Among Afrikaners

• There were divisions in post-Second World War society on where race should be placed in the government

United Party Moderation of Race Policies

• The party was the party in power during the Second World War and in the run up to the 1948 election.
• The new race relations in South Africa were a threat to their political standing
• Race relations were key to the new election, with issues ranging from inter-racial marriages to where Africans should live.

Increasing Afrikaner Influence in the state Apparatus

• The Afrikaner community was supported by and grew during the war
• English-speaking employees were being laid off and being replaced by Afrikaners
• This was especially seen in government posts

Broederbond

• The "Brotherhood" was expanding to have control of South Africa
• All National party policies came with the secret approval with approval from the Broederbond

Extension of Voterers

• in the 2948 elections, the number of voters in South Africa was weighted towards the National party
• There are also 12,000 voters in South-West Africa and 4,000 voters in the Cape
• With a average of 1,000 and 22,000 people with one seat

The Disenfranchisement of Colored Voters - The seperate represectation of Volters Act 1951

• the government tried to take who the votes from the coloured
• required a joint sitting of both Houses of Parliament.
• The measure to abolish it required a constitution of the two houses of parliament

Apartheid Laws

• the foundermenters
• The way to be was more than 300 new laws to be made
• Divide and rule that keeps Africans from gaining strength

Bantu Authorities Act 1951

• The tribes had to make the act for the homelands
• and the natives who were from urban parts of life

Paas Laws: The Native Laws Amendment Act 1952

• all aficans wanted to carry the identity information at all times

Minister of Native Affairs

• The minister gave money for and promoted African education in society
• Verwoerd worked closely for his long term role as a minister

Education beofre the National Party Victory

• The majority of education that Africans ever received was funded by the Catholic Church
• Although well intentioned, that amount that each school was getting was still minimal
• As education started gaining more speed, there were too many students for too few schools without enough equipment

Reasons for the removals

• The government gave different areas for the removal act
• Most people agreed that the different races were not compatible with the others
• More importantly, they would not be living the slums/slums were not acceptable to the government

Political suppression and the Treason Trial

• Communism was seen as a political point where there was no freedom

What were the Early reprecussion

• The country allowed force to be used to maintain
• The Criminal law Amendment Act in 1953 allowed for heavier punishments

Bantus Self-government Act of 1959

• This law ended with more division and more apartheid-based tension
• South Africa put more focus on creating different groups, such as with different ethnicities and class

The Bantu Education Act

• 1953- Act was the foundation for racial classification in schools

Impact of the bantu EducationAct

• This meant that people were education would be better, such as with religious understanding
• Education for the people was also meant to be more internal than for outside

Bantu Authorities Act

• the Native Act set-up the problem to be solved - Tribal land and the use of the traditional land
• this allowed the tribes to continue to have a large amount of control with land area
• this then meant most African were working in White South Africa

Pass laws and education

• One problem was there was a large amount of white control of land

Results of the Defiance Campaign by women

• African woman fought in protests as early by 1913
• The Women Pass Protest helped push for equal African representation in parliament
• African culture and representation for rights in parliament all came from said protests The creation of a Freedom Charter
• This created the ideas of society and politics
• The group created a number of important charters
• People started calling themselves a new coalition

The ANC

• This was supported by communist influences such as Nelson Mondella
• Some members were influenced by a group called
• Africa was seen as home of most of the PAC

The PAC Philosophy

• The ANC disagreed with this completely believing different cultures has the ability to
• The formation of the PAC has the ANC shaken
• They started to create a liberation of all races and not just the PAC and the ANC

Results fo The Defiance Campaign

• These movements were often fueled and helped along by educated and experienced leaders of politics and the time
• Through a combination of factors, no matter how many people participated, the outcome was always the same
• A lot of resistance had always already broken down by the number of people who participated Women protest 1956
• Woman were always in the anti apartheid movement as a whole
• The Rantu Woman League also pushed for great African standing in support of people in the area
• The protest showed a general women involvement and support
• With time, there showed a need to support and care about what women needed,
• with support such as giving people their basic human rights

East Pondoland

• The local area was accused of government corruption

Why Was the ANC successful

• Some people thought the ANC would be for specific Africans
• The ANC was more than welcome to push for and make sure all peopel were well-taken care of

Post War Unity Among Afrikaners

• There needed to be divisions in class to make change and growth Post-war unity emerged among Afrikaners due to:
• Broader recognition of Afrikaner culture and language
• Increased political power and influence
• Economic empowerment through collective action

National Party Policy on Race

• National Party aimed for total racial separation and white domination Political parties before the Second World War
• Extract A: the National Party and Afrikaner-supported views and politics
• "In the Union is that sections demand equal rights and political equality for all civilised races - with the inevitable intermarriage and the social equality of white and black" The extracts show that the effects of the rest are calculated to go with the vote

The ANC Youth league

• In 1943 Waller Susalu former the youth league
• the leaders included such as mandella and Oliver tombo
• the league advocated action and rather than discussion
• while some ANC leaders shared African nationalists others belived that all groups should be incluided

The Basic Policy and Progranne of Action

• member said Africans had the rights to be wealth and prosperity of aftrica
• Aims for a group to use to there influence such as trade groups

Defiance Campaign, 1952

• the first large scale movement
• this group intended to spread non violence such as arrest
• over 11,000 the size of meeting showed a reach in the community

What was the Sharpeville Massacre in March 1961

• The police open fired and killed protestors
• over 200 injured 69 killed including woman