APA Reference Lists: Formatting and Guidelines

Reference Lists

• These are located at the end of a standard APA paper
• Reference lists detail all citations used in the paper
• Most sources follow straightforward reference rules
• Academic journals adhere to special rules

Basic Rules for Most Sources

• Remember the order: Who, When, What, Where
• Author names should be inverted, list last name first
• Initial names should be used in middle names
• A maximum of 20 author names can be credited in a single work
• Author names are separated by commas
• Use an ampersand (&) before the last author's name appears
• Use an ellipsis after the 19th name, when there are more than 21 authors
• Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the author's last name
• Multiple articles from the same author should be ordered chronologically, earliest to most recent
• Capitalize only the first word of the title and subtitle of: books, chapters, articles, reports, and webpages
• Capitalize the first word of the title after a colon(:) or dash(-)
• Proper nouns should be capitalized
• Italicize titles of longer works such as: books, edited collections, and newspapers
• Do not italicize, underline, or quote shorter works like: chapters in books or essays in collections
• Underline titles if handwriting
• Indent all lines after the first line of each entry half an inch from the left margin; this is known as hanging indent

Basic Rules for Articles in Academic Journals

• Title should be in full and italicized
• All major words in journal titles should be capitalized
• Do not italicize or underline the article title

Author/Authors

• Rules here apply to works by a single author or multiple authors, regardless of the type of work

Single Author

• Last name goes first, followed by author initials
• Example: Brown, E. (2013). Comedy and the feminine middlebrow novel. Pickering & Chatto

Two Authors

• List both last names and initials
• Separate author names with a comma
• Use an ampersand (&) instead of "and"
• Example: Soto, C. J., & John, O. P. (2017). The next big five inventory (BFI-2): Developing and assessing a hierarchical model with 15 facets to enhance bandwidth, fidelity, and predictive power. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 113(1), 117-143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000096

Three to Twenty Authors

• List by last names and initials
• Use commas to separate author names
• Precede the last author name with an ampersand
• Example: Nguyen, T., Carnevale, J. J., Scholer, A. A., Miele, D. B., & Fujita, K. (2019). Metamotivational knowledge of the role of high-level and low-level construal in goal-relevant task performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 117(5), 879-899. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000166

More Than Twenty Authors

• List by last names and initials
• Use commas to separate author names
• Use an ellipsis after the first 19 authors names
• End with the final author's name, without an ampersand before it
• There should be no more than twenty names in the citation in total
• Example: Pegion, K., Kirtman, B. P., Becker, E., Collins, D. C., LaJoie, E., Burgman, R., Bell, R., DelSole, R., Min, D., Zhu, Y., Li, W., Sinsky, E., Guan, H., Gottschalck, J., Metzger, E. J., Barton, N. P., Achuthavarier, D., Marshak, J., Koster, R.,... Kim, H. (2019). The subseasonal experiment (SubX): A multimodel subseasonal prediction experiment. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 100(10), 2043-2061. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0270.1

Group Author

• Group authors: corporations, government agencies, organizations
• A group may publish with individuals
• Treat publishing organizations the same way that you would treat the author's name
• Use the group author's full name in the reference list; abbreviations may be used in the text
• Entries in reference works, such as dictionaries et al, without credited authors are also considered works with group authors
• When a work has multiple layers of group authorship, list the most specific agency as the author, and the parent agency as the publisher
• Example: Merriam-Webster. (2008). Braggadocio. In Merriam-Webster’s Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary. Merriam-Webster
• Example: Bureau of International Organization Affairs. (2018). U.S. contributions to international organizations, 2017 [Annual report]. U.S. Department of State. https://www.state.gov/u-s-contributions-to-international organizations/

Unknown Author

• When the work lacks an author, move the title of the work to the beginning of the references
• List the title, then the date of publication
• Only use "Anonymous" if the author is signed as "Anonymous."
• Example: Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (11th ed.). (2003). Merriam-Webster.

Two or More Works by the Same Author

• Use the author's name for all entries
• List entries by year, earliest first
• References without dates go before references with dates
• When an author appears as both a solo author and the first author of a group, list the one-author entries first
• References with the same first author and different second or third authors are arranged alphabetically by the last name of the second/third author
• Examples Urcuioli, P.J. (n.d.) then Urcuioli, P.J. (2011) then Urcuioli, P. J. (2015).
• Examples Agnew, C. R. (Ed.). (2014). Social influences on romantic relationships: Beyond the dyad. Cambridge University Press. followed by Agnew, C. R., & South, S. C. (Eds.). (2014). Interpersonal relationships and health: Social and clinical psychological mechanisms. Oxford University Press.

Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year

• Check to see if specific dates are available, if using more than one reference from the same author
• List works with only a year before those with a more specific date
• List specific dates chronologically
• When two works have the same publication date, organize them in the reference list alphabetically by the title of the article/chapter
• If references share the same date and are identified as parts of a series, list them in the order of their place in the series, then assign letter suffixes to the year
• Refer to these sources in your essay as they appear in your reference list, e.g.: "Berndt (2004a) makes similar claims..."
• Example: Berndt, T. J. (2004a). Children’s friendships: Shifts over a half-century in perspectives on their development and their effects. Merrill Palmer Quarterly, 50(3), 206-223. followed by Berndt, T. J. (2004b). Friendship and three A’s (aggression, adjustment, and attachment). Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 88(1), 1-4.

Introductions, Prefaces, Forewords, and Afterwords

• Cite the publishing information about a book like normal, citing the Introduction, Preface, Foreword, or Afterword as the chapter title
• Example: Lang, J. M. (2018). Introduction. In G. Dujardin, J. M. Lang, & J. A. Staunton (Eds.), Teaching the literature survey course (pp. 1-8). West Virginia University Press.

Articles in Periodicals: Basic Form

• Authors should be named with their last names, followed by their initials
• Put the publication year in parentheses, followed by a period
• The article title should be in sentence-case; capitalize only the first word and proper nouns
• The periodical title is in title case and italicized, along with the volume number
• Include a DOI after the page numbers, if one has been assigned to the article
• Online access of the periodical requires use of the URL of the website where it was retrieved
• General Structure: Author, A.A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number(issue number), pages, DOI

Article in Print Journal

• Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening. The New Criterion, 15(3), 5–13
• APA 7 emphasizes the inclusion of a DOI if available, even from a print source

Article in Electronic Journal

• As noted above, include the DOI if it is associated with the article
• Example: Baniya, S., & Weech, S. (2019). Data and experience design: Negotiating community-oriented digital research with service-learning. Purdue Journal of Service-Learning and International Engagement, 6(1), 11–16. https://doi.org/10.5703/1288284316979
• If DOIs are unavailable, use a URL
• Many academic journals provide stable URLs

Article in a Magazine

• Example: Peterzell, J. (1990, April). Better late than never. Time, 135(17), 20–21
• For articles lacking an author's name, put the title of the article first
• Example: Better late than never. (1990, April). Time, 135(17), 20–21

Article in a Newspaper

• Example: Schultz, S. (2005, December). Calls made to strengthen state energy policies. The Country Today, 1A
• If the author is unknown, start citation with the title
• Example: Calls made to strengthen state energy policies. (2005, December). The Country Today, 1A.

Review

• Start with the information about the reviewer, then the review title followed by media type in brackets
• Provide information to properly credit the original source
• Use this format: Reviewer’sLastname, F. (Year). Title of review [Review of media Title of media, by F. Author’sLastname]. Title of publication, volumenumber(issuenumber), pages
• Reviews posted online have a different format: Bell, M. S. (2006, December 31). Are you my mother? [Review of the book Let the northern lights erase your name, by V. Vida]. The New York Times Book Review, https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/31/books/review/Bell.t.html?ref=review
• For review of films/videos, provide source media details Reviewer’sLastname, F. (Year). Title of review [Review of the film Name of film, by F. Director’sLastname, Dir.]. Title of publication, volumenumber(issuenumber), pages
• If the review is from an online source, include the URL

Books

• The information below pertains to most-cited print book sources; e-books are described in the Electronic Sources section

Basic Format for Books

• Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Publisher Name.
• Example: Stoneman, R. (2008). Alexander the Great: A life in legend. Yale University Press.

Edited Book, No Author

• Editor, E. E. (Ed.). (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Publisher.
• Example: Leitch, M. G. & Rushton, C. J. (Eds.). (2019). A new companion to Malory. D. S. Brewer.

Edited Book with an Author or Authors

• Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle (E. Editor, Ed.). Publisher
• Example: Malory, T. (2017). Le morte darthur (P. J. C. Field, Ed.). D. S. Brewer. (Original work published 1469-70)

Translation

• Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle (T. Translator, Trans.). Publisher. (Original work published YEAR)
• Example: Jonasson, J. (2015). Hitman Anders and the meaning of it all (R. Willson, Trans.). Harper Collins. (Original work published 2014)

Edition Other Than the First

• Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle (# edition). Publisher
• Example: Belcher, W. (2019). Writing your journal article in twelve weeks: A guide to academic publishing success (2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press.

Article or Chapter in an Edited Book

• Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In E. E. Editor & F. F. Editor (Eds.), Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle (pp. pages of chapter). Publisher
• Indicate the page number(s)of the chapter/essay in parentheses
• Use "pp." Example: (pp. 1-21)
• Put any edition number in the same set of parentheses with the page numbers, separated by a comma
• Example: (2nd ed., pp. 66-72) Ex: Armstrong, D. (2019). Malory and character. In M. G. Leitch & C. J. Rushton (Eds.), A new companion to Malory (2nd ed., pp. 144-163). D. S. Brewer.

Multivolume Work

• Follow this pattern: Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle (Vol. #). Publisher
• Example: David, A., & Simpson, J. (Eds.). (2006). The Norton anthology of English literature: The Middle Ages (Vol. 8). W. W. Norton and Company.

Other Print Sources

• These are fairly uncommon and may not appear often

Entry in a Dictionary, Thesaurus, or Encyclopedia with a Group Author

• Institution or organization name. (Year). Title of entry. In Title of reference work (edition, page numbers). Publisher name.
• For instance: Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. (1997). Goat. In Merriam Webster’s collegiate dictionary (10th ed., pp. 499-500). Merriam-Webster, Incorporated.

Entry in a Dictionary, Thesaurus, or Encyclopedia with an Individual Author

• Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of entry. In F. M. Lastname (Ed.), Title of reference work (edition, page numbers). Publisher.
• For instance: Tatum, S. R. (2009). Spirituality and religion in hip hop literature and culture. In T. L. Stanley (Ed.), Encyclopedia of hip-hop literature (pp. 250-252). Greenwood.

Dissertation Abstract

• Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of dissertation. Dissertation Abstracts International, Vol., Page.
• Ex: Angeli, E. L. (2012). Networks of communication in emergency medical services. Dissertation Abstracts International, 74, 03(E)

Dissertation or Master’s Thesis, Published

• Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of dissertation/thesis (Publication No.) [Doctoral dissertation/Master’s thesis, Name of Institution Awarding the Degree]. Database or Archive Name.
• For instance: Angeli, E. L. (2012). Networks of communication in emergency medical services (Publication No. 3544643) [Doctoral dissertation, Purdue University]. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.
• URLs are included when the dissertation or thesis is not published in a database

Dissertation or Master’s Thesis, Unpublished

• Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of dissertation/thesis [Unpublished doctoral dissertation/master’s thesis]. Name of Institution Awarding the Degree.
• Example: Samson, J. M. (2016). Human trafficking and globalization [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.

Report by a Government Agency or Other Organization

• Organization Name. (Year). Title of report. URL
• Example: United States Government Accountability Office. (2019). Performance and accountability report: Fiscal year 2019. https://www.gao.gov/assets/710/702715.pdf

Report by Individual Authors at Government Agency or Other Organization

• Lastname, F. M., & Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of report. Organization Name. URL
• Example: Palanker, D., Volk, J., Lucia, K., & Thomas, K. (2018). Mental health parity at risk: Deregulating the individual market and the impact on mental health coverage. National Alliance on Mental Illness. https://www.nami.org/About NAMI/Publications-Reports/Public-Policy-Reports/Parity at-Risk/ParityatRisk.pdf

Conference Proceedings

• Lastname, F. M., & Lastname, F. M. (Eds.). (Year). Title of Proceedings. Publisher. URL (if applicable)
• Example: Huang, S., Pierce, R., & Stamey, J. (Eds.). (2006). Proceedings of the 24th annual ACM international conference on the design of communication. ACM Digital Library. https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1166324&picked=prox

Electronic Sources

• Electronic or Web-based sources require the publishing year, month, and date in references
• Use the year of publication if the month and date are not available
• Newer style guides do not require the use of "Retrieved from" before URLs

Webpage or Piece of Online Content

• If the page names an individual author, their name goes first
• Use this format: Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of page. Site name. URL
• Example: Price, D. (2018, March 23). Laziness does not exist. Medium. https://humanparts.medium.com/laziness-does-not-exist 3af27e312d01
• When a group/organization authors the resource, their name is used as the author: Group name. (Year, Month Date). Title of page. Site name. URL Ex:American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. (2019, November 21). Justice served: Case closed for over 40 dogfighting victims. https://www.aspca.org/news/justice-served-case-closed over-40-dogfighting-victims
• Remove duplicate site names, if the author and site name are the same
• The Title comes first if no author is named: Title of page. (Year, Month Date). Site name. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from URL
• An abbreviation of "n.d." should be used if the date of publication is missing: Author or Group name. (n.d.). Title of page. Site name (if applicable). URL.

Wikipedia Article

• Title of article. (Year, Month Date). In Wikipedia. URL of archived version of page
• Example: Quantum mechanics. (2019, November 19). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantum_mechanics&oldid=948476810
• The date is when the cited version of the page was published due to frequent updates with these articles
• Link to archived version, instead of the current version

Newspaper Article

• Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of article. Title of Publication. URL
• For instance: Richards, C. (2019, December 9). Best music of 2019: Lana Del Rey sings lullabies about the end of America. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/music/best music-of-2019-lana-del-rey-sings-lullabies-about-the-end of-america/2019/12/06/6e82c5ec-15d8-11ea-a659-7d69641c6ff7_story.html

Electronic or Kindle Books

• When the content is the same as in a physical book, there is no need to note use of an e-book or audiobook
• Distinguish e-book/audiobook versus the print version if the content differs or is abridged
• If known, the narrator of an audiobook may be cited, using the following model: Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of book (N. Narrator, Narr.) [Audiobook]. Publisher. URL (if applicable)

Dissertation/Thesis from a Database

• Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of dissertation or thesis (Publication No.) [Doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis, Name of Institution Awarding Degree]. Database Name
• An example includes: Duis, J. M. (2008). Acid/base chemistry and related organic chemistry conceptions of undergraduate organic chemistry students. (Publication No. 3348786) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Northern Colorado]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Entry in an Online Dictionary, Thesaurus, or Encyclopedia with a Group Author

• In the absence of a publication date, the online dictionary, thesaurus, or encyclopedia may require retrieval date in citation: Institution or organization name. (Year). Title of entry. In Title of reference work. URL

Entry in an Online Dictionary, Thesaurus, or Encyclopedia with an Individual Author

• Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of entry. In F. M. Lastname (ed.), Title of reference work (edition). Publisher. URL or DOI
• Simply skip adding the edition if the source does not contain one

Data Sets

• Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group (Year). Title of dataset (Version No.) [Data set]. Publisher. DOI or URL
• For instance: Grantmakers in the Arts. (2019). Arts funding trends, United States, 1994-present (ICPSR 37337) [Data set]. National Archive of Data on Arts & Culture. https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/NADAC/studies/37337

Graphic Data

• Organization or individual’s name, followed by the date and title. If there is no title, provide a brief explanation of the data type inside brackets. If there is no date, include the URL and retrieval date .
• Ex: HatchMed. (2017). 8 ways to improve patient satisfaction [Infographic]. HatchMed.com.
• Ex: Google. (n.d.). [Google Map of Purdue University]. Retrieved January 12, 2020, from https://www.google.com/maps/@40.4237095,-86.9233886,17z

Qualitative Data and Online Interviews

• Cite the interview as you world the medium where published if the interview transcript is in an online periodical
• Example: Schulman, M. (2019, December 8). Peter Dinklage is still punk rock. The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/culture/the-new-yorker interview/peter-dinklage-is-still-punk-rock
• Credit the data base if it is from a database or audio file
• Example: Paynter, W. (1970, September 17). Interview with Will Paynter [Interview]. Studs Terkel Radio Archive. https://studsterkel.wfmt.com/programs/interview-will paynter

Online Lecture Notes and Presentation Slides

• Mention title format after lecture title
• For example: Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of presentation [Lecture notes, PowerPoint slides, etc]. Publisher. URL

Computer Software/Downloaded Software

• Do not cite standard or office software
• Refer only to specialized software
• Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group. (Year). Title of software (Version No.). Publisher. URL

Email

• Do not include emails in reference list, instead, parenthetically cite them in your main text
• For example: (F. Lastname, personal communication, January 4, 2001)

Online Forum or Discussion Posting

• Title Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group [username]. (Year, Month Date). Title of post [Online forum post]. Publisher. URL
• R. L. [RL__Stine]. (2013, October 23). I’m R.L. Stine and it’s my job to terrify kids. Ask me anything! [Online forum post]. Reddit. https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/1p32dl/

Tweet

• Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group [@username]. (Year, Month. Date). Content of the post up to the first 20 words [Tweet]. Site Name. URL
• Include multimedia content or links in brackets after content description
• Replicate emojis whenever possible

Twitter Profile

• Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group [@username]. (n.d.). Tweets [Twitter profile]. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from URL

Facebook Post

• Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group. (Year, Month Date). Content of the post up to the first 20 words [Type of post]. Site Name. URL
• If the Facebook post contains images, videos, or other sources, indicate the information in brackets after the content description
• Replicate emojis

Facebook Page

• Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group. (n.d.). Home [Facebook page]. Site name. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from URL

Instagram Photo or Video

• Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group [@username]. (Year, Month. Date). Content of the post up to the first 20 words of post) [Type of post]. Site Name. URL

Blog Post

• Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of post. Publisher. URL

YouTube or Other Streaming Video

• Last Name, F. M. [Username]. (Year, Month Date). Title of video [Video]. Streaming Service. URL
• The person or group who uploaded considered the author
• The username can be omitted if the author's name is the same

Ted Talk

• Author, A. A. (Year, Month Date). Title of talk [Video]. TED. URL
• If on YouTube use this format: Username. (Year, Month Date). Title of talk [Video]. YouTube. URL

Audiovisual Media

• Media that contains audio, visual, or combined components

Film or Video

• Director, D. D. (Director). (Date of publication). Title of motion picture [Film]. Production company.

Film or Video in Another Language

• Director, D. D. (Director). (Date of publication). Title of motion picture in original language [Translated title] [Film]. Production company.

TV Series

• Executive Producer, P. P. (Executive Producer). (Date range of release). Title of series [TV series]. Production company(s).

TV Series Episode

• Writer, W. W. (Writer), & Director, D. D. (Director). (Original air date). Title of episode (Season number, Episode number) [TV series episode]. In P. Executive Producer (Executive Producer), Series title. Production company(s).

Music Album

• Recording artist. (Year of release).
• Title of album [Album]. Record label.

Single Song or Track

• Recording artist. (Year of release). Title of song [Song]. On Title of album [Album]. Record label
• Omit album if the song doesn't have one

Podcast

• Executive Producer, E. P. (Executive Producer).
• (Range of publication). Title of podcast [Audio podcast]. Production company. URL
• In place of the executive producer, list the host

Single Podcast Episode

• Executive Producer, E. P. (Executive Producer). (Date of publication). Title of podcast episode (Episode number) [Audio podcast episode]. In Title of podcast. Production company. URL
• In place of the executive producer, show the host

Artwork in a Museum or on a Museum Website

• Artist, A. (Year of release).
• Title of artwork[medium].
• Name of museum, City, State, Country, URL of museum
• If the artwork is available through a museum website, name that site
• If there is no site, then omit the URL
• Briefly describe the work if it is untitled and put that description in square brackets

Photograph (not associated with a museum)

• Photographer, P. (Year of publication).
• Title of photograph [Photograph]. Source. URL
• List the artist and the name of the website or database where the photo was found
• Give a description inside square brackets if the photograph does not have a name

In-Text Citations

• In-text citations list the author's last name and year of publication
• Give one complete reference for each source in the reference list at the end of the paper
• Only reference the author and publication year when referring to information
• Author, year of publication, and page number are required when directly quoting/borrowing material
• Use "p." for single pages or "pp." for multiple pages

Signal and Non-signal Phrases

• Signal phrases are when the author's name is present in the sentence
• Non-signal phrases are when the author's name is absent
• If a signal phrase is used then there is not any requirement for the author's name in the citation

Short Quotations

• Include the author, year, and page number
• Use "p." for single page and "pp." for a span of multiple pages, separated by a dash
• Introduce the quote using a signal phrase with the author's last name, and date of publication, in parentheses
• The inclusion of a signal phrase indicates that the material is being paraphrased/quoted
• Without a signal phrase the work can be considered plagiarized
• Various forms of signal phrases: "argued," "believed," "claimed," "illustrated," "pointed out," "suggested," and "wrote."
• Author's name, publication year, and page number should be placed in parenthesis after the quote if there is no author

Long Quotations

• Place direct quotes of 40+ words in a block of typewritten lines, omitting quotation marks
• Start the quotation on a new line, indented 1/2 inch from the left margin
• Indent the first line of later paragraphs 1/2 inch from the new margin
• Double-space the entire quote without extra lines; include the citation after the closing mark

Quotations from Sources Without Pages

• Do not cite page numbers for sources that do not have pages
• Instead, reference other identifying elements--a paragraph, a chapter, a section, or a table number
• For audiovisual sources, provide the author’s last name and the year
• Special location identifiers (i.e. verse numbers) may be used to reference Older works like religious texts

Summary or Paraphrase

• Paraphrases/summaries call for author and year of publication in the reference
• Do not provide page/paragraph numbers
• APA encourages including the page (print resources) and paragraph (electronic resources) number when taking a specific idea from certain texts

A Work by Two Authors

• If citing in a signal phrase or parentheses, name both authors
• Use "and" between names within the text of citations
• Use an ampersand (&) if listing the authors in parentheses
• Example: (Wegener & Petty, 1994)

A Work by Three or More Authors

• List one author's name, then "et al." in each citation, even the first
• Omit "et al" only if needed to avoid confusion
• Example: Kernis et al. (1993)

Unknown Author

• Cite the source by its title
• Put titles of books/reports in italics, and web pages, chapters, and articles in quotation marks -Capitalize any significant words in titles being written in the text
• Note:* In the rare case that "Anonymous" is used for an author, treat it as such, and include in all citations.

Organization as Author

• Name the organization in the signal phrase or the source
• Include the abbreviation in the first source if applicable

Two or More Works in the Same Parentheses

• Parenthetical citations that include two more works should be ordered in the same was that they appear on the reference list alphabetically
• Give the author's name just once when citing multiple works by the author

Authors with the Same Last Name

• Add initials to prevent confusion of Last names
• Example (E. Johnson, 2001; L. Johnson, 1998)

Two or More Works by Same Author in Same Year

• Use lowercase letters
• Add lowercase letters (a,b,c) to the year in order for entries to appear in the reference list

Personal Communication

• List communicator's name, that it was personal communication, and the date of communication
• Do not include communication in the reference list

Electronic Sources

• Cite electronic documents the same as other documents by using the author-date style

Unknown Author and Unknown Date

• Use title to sign or phrase

Sources Without Page Numbers

• Include data to help readers
• Example (Heading or section name, etc)

Paper Formatting

• The paper must be typed and double-spaced
• There should be a margin of 1 inch
• Use a standard font of 11-pt size
• Print on standard-sized paper
• Include the page number in the top upper corner

Content

• Cover page
• Abstract
• Main Body
• References

Cover Page

• Title of the paper
• The author of the paper
• School attended
• The course # and name
• Full name with no faculty initials
• Date of the assignment

Abstract

• An abstract is a summary of the main points
• There are no word limits (approxiamately 150-250) as one paragraph

Abstracts for ENG 105 research papers should focus on:

• Introduction
• Provide outline of hypothesis
• A summary of the main findings
• Includes what your findings support

Main Point

• The body should be like an essay to break down the paragraph
• Use "We" rather than "The authors" phrase