APA Reference Lists

• Reference lists appear at the end of APA papers
• They contain all cited references
• Academic journal sources have specific rules

Basic Rules For Most Sources

• Remember Who, When, What, Where
• APA references are listed in this order with slight variations
• Author names are inverted with first and middle names as initials (e.g., Mohammad Jafar Iqbal becomes Iqbal, M. J.)
• Up to 20 author names are listed, separated by commas, with an ampersand (&) before the last
• If there are more than 21 authors, use an ellipsis after the 19th name, then add the final author's name
• Reference list entries are alphabetized by the author's last name
• List multiple articles by the same author chronologically
• Capitalize only the first letter of the title and subtitle, the first word after a colon/dash, and proper nouns in titles
• Italicize titles of longer works like books and newspapers
• Do not italicize, underline, or quote shorter works like book chapters
• Underline titles when handwriting
• Hanging indent: indent all lines after the first one half inch from the margin

Basic Rules for Articles in Academic Journals

• Journal titles should be presented in full and italicized
• Capitalize all major words in journal titles
• Do not italicize or underline the article title

Author/Authors Rules

• Rules apply to works by single/multiple authors, regardless of work type

Examples of Author Formatting

• Single author: Last name first, then initials
• Two authors: List by last names and initials, separated by commas, use ampersand before the last author
• Three to twenty authors: List by last names and initials, separated by commas, use ampersand before the last author
• More than twenty authors: use an ellipsis after the first 19 authors, then the final author, total of 20 names
• Group author citations are treated like author names
• Give the full group author name in the reference list
• Abbreviations can be used in the text
• Reference works with no credited authors are considered group author works
• Multiple layers of group authorship: list the most specific agency as the author and the parent agency as the publisher

Unknown Author

• Move the title of the work to the beginning of the reference and follow with the publication date
• Only use "Anonymous" if the author is signed as such

Same Author

• Use the author's name for all entries, list entries by year (earliest first), references with no dates go before those with dates
• When an author is both a sole author and first author of a group, list the one-author entries first
• References with the same first author and different second/third authors are arranged alphabetically by the second author's last name

Same author and year

• If using multiple references by the same author in the same year, see if they have more specific dates
• List works with just a year first
• List specific dates chronologically
• Alphabetize by title if the publication date is the same
• For identified items that are a series, list them in the order of their place in the series
• Assign letter suffixes to the year and cite them that way

Introductions, Prefaces, Forewords, and Afterwords

• Cite publishing information normally, citing Introduction, Preface, Foreword, or Afterword as the chapter title

Articles in Periodicals

• APA style dictates naming authors with last name first, then initials
• Publication year is in parentheses, followed by a period
• Capitalize only the first word and proper nouns in the article title
• Run the periodical title title-case, followed by the italicized volume number
• Include DOI after page numbers (if assigned)
• If no DOI is assigned and you are accessing the periodical online, use the website URL

Citing Articles

• Print Journal: Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening. The New Criterion, 15(3), 5–13.
• APA 7 recommends including a DOI if available, even when using the print source
• Electronic Journal: Include the DOI, if available.
• DOIs may not always be available, so use a URL. Academic journals provide stable URLs (preferable over regular URLs)
• Magazine: Peterzell, J. (1990, April). Better late than never. Time, 135(17), 20–21.
• Start newspaper articles with the title where there is no author: Better late than never. (1990, April). Time, 135(17), 20–21.

Citing Reviews

• Reviewer’sLastname, F. (Year). Title of review [Review of media Title of media, by F. Author’sLastname]. Title of publication, volumenumber(issuenumber), pages.
• For reviews posted on websites, provide the URL.
• For film/video reviews: Reviewer’sLastname, F. (Year). Title of review [Review of the film Name of film, by F. Director’sLastname, Dir.]. Title of publication, volumenumber(issuenumber), pages.
• If the review is from an online source, simply provide the URL

Books

• Below are the most cited print book sources
• E-books are described in the Electronic Sources section.
• Basic Format: Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Publisher Name.
• Edited Book, No Author: Editor, E. E. (Ed.). (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Publisher.
• Edited Book with an Author or Authors: Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle (E. Editor, Ed.). Publisher.
• Translation: Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle (T. Translator, Trans.). Publisher. (Original work published YEAR)
• Edition Other Than the First: Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle (# edition). Publisher.
• Article or Chapter in an Edited Book: Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In E. E. Editor & F. F. Editor (Eds.), Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle (pp. pages of chapter). Publisher.
• Note: When listing chapter/essay pages in parentheses after the book title, use "pp." before the numbers: (pp. 1-21).
• List edition number in parentheses as page numbers, separated by a comma: (2nd ed., pp. 66-72).
• Multivolume Work: Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle (Vol. #). Publisher.

Other Print Sources

• These are highly uncommon print sources
• Dictionary/thesaurus/encyclopedia entry with a group author: Institution or organization name. (Year). Title of entry. In Title of reference work (edition, page numbers). Publisher name.
• With an Individual Author: Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of entry. In F. M. Lastname (Ed.), Title of reference work (edition, page numbers). Publisher.
• Dissertation Abstract: Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of dissertation. Dissertation Abstracts International, Vol., Page.
• Dissertation/Master’s Thesis, Published: Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of dissertation/thesis (Publication No.) [Doctoral dissertation/Master’s thesis, Name of Institution Awarding the Degree]. Database or Archive Name.
• If the dissertation/thesis is not published in a database, include the location URL

Dissertations

• Unpublished: Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of dissertation/thesis [Unpublished doctoral dissertation/master’s thesis]. Name of Institution Awarding the Degree.

Reports

• By a Government Agency/Other Organization: Organization Name. (Year). Title of report. URL.
• By Individual Authors at Government Agency/Other Organization: Lastname, F. M., & Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of report. Organization Name. URL.

Conference Proceedings

• Lastname, F. M., & Lastname, F. M. (Eds.). (Year). Title of Proceedings. Publisher. URL (if applicable)

Electronic Sources

• For web and electronic sources, include year, month, and date. The latest style guide no longer requires the use of “Retrieved from” before URLs.
• Webpage or Piece of Online Content: Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of page. Site name. URL.
• If the resource was written by a group or organization, use the group as the author
• Omit the site name if the author and site name are the same
• If the page's author isn't listed, start with the title and include a retrieval date
• Use n.d. if the publication date isn't listed

Wikipedia Article

• Title of article. (Year, Month Date). In Wikipedia. URL of archived version of page.
• The date refers to the version cited
• Link to the archived version, accessed by clicking "View History"

Citing Articles

• Newspaper Article: Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of article. Title of Publication. URL.

Citing Books

• If the content of an eBook or audiobook is the same as a physical book, it doesn't need to be noted
• Indicate if content is different, abridged, or if citing the narrator
• eBook: Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of book [eBook edition]. Publisher. URL
• audiobook Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of book (N. Narrator, Narr.) [Audiobook]. Publisher. URL (if applicable)

Other Citations

• Dissertation/Thesis from a Database: Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of dissertation or thesis (Publication No.) [Doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis, Name of Institution Awarding Degree]. Database Name.
• Online Dictionary/Thesaurus/Encyclopedia Entry with a Group Author: Institution or organization name. (Year). Title of entry. In Title of reference work. URL
• If there is no publication date, use "n.d.” and include retrieval date
• With an Individual Author Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of entry. In F. M. Lastname (ed.), Title of reference work (edition). Publisher. URL or DOI
• If the dictionary/thesaurus/encyclopedia has no edition, skip that step
• Data Sets: Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group (Year). Title of dataset (Version No.) [Data set]. Publisher. DOI or URL

Graphic Data (Interactive Maps, Infographics, etc)

• Give the organization/individual name, date, and title
• If there is no title, provide a bracketed explanation of the data type
• Include the URL and retrieval date if there is no publication date

Qualitative Data

• Cite interview transcripts published in an online periodical like the medium it's published in
• For an audio file/transcript in a database, credit the interviewee as the author
• Online Lecture Notes/Presentation Slides
• Provide the file format in brackets after the title
• Computer Software/Downloaded Software
• Do not cite standard office software or programming languages
• Only provide references for specialized software

Citing other digital mediums

• E-mail: Not included in the reference list; parenthetically cite in main text: (F. Lastname, personal communication, January 4, 2001)
• Online Forum or Discussion Posting Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group [username]. (Year, Month Date). Title of post [Online forum post]. Publisher. URL
• Use the given username if no real name is provided
• Tweet: Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group [@username]. (Year, Month Date). Content of the post up to the first 20 words [Tweet]. Site Name. URL
• If the tweet has extra media, indicate that information in brackets after the content. Replicate emojis, if possible
• Twitter Profile: Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group [@username]. (n.d.). Tweets [Twitter profile]. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from URL.
• Facebook Post: Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group. (Year, Month Date). Content of the post up to the first 20 words [Type of post]. Site Name. URL
• Indicate extra media, replicate emojis

More digital mediums

• Facebook Page: Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group. (n.d.). Home [Facebook page]. Site name. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from URL
• Instagram Photo or Video: Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group [@username]. (Year, Month Date). Content of the post up to the first 20 words [Type of post]. Site Name. URL
• Blog Post: Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of post. Publisher. URL
• YouTube/Streaming Video: Last Name, F. M. [Username]. (Year, Month Date). Title of video [Video]. Streaming Service. URL
• The uploader is the author
• Omit the username if it's the same as the author's name
• Ted Talk: Author, A. A. (Year, Month Date). Title of talk [Video]. TED. URL

Audiovisual Media

• Media with audio, visual, or both components.
• Film or Video: Director, D. D. (Director). (Date of publication). Title of motion picture [Film]. Production company.
• Film/Video in Another Language: Director, D. D. (Director). (Date of publication). Title of motion picture in original language [Translated title] [Film]. Production company.
• TV Series: Executive Producer, P. P. (Executive Producer). (Date range of release). Title of series [TV series]. Production company(s).
• TV Series Episode: Writer, W. W. (Writer), & Director, D. D. (Director). (Original air date). Title of episode (Season number, Episode number) [TV series episode]. In P. Executive Producer (Executive Producer), Series title. Production company(s).

Music

• Music Album: Recording artist. (Year of release). Title of album [Album]. Record label.
• Single Song or Track: Recording artist. (Year of release). Title of song [Song]. On Title of album [Album]. Record label.
• Omit the album section if the song doesn't have one
• Podcast: Executive Producer, E. P. (Executive Producer). (Range of publication). Title of podcast [Audio podcast]. Production company. URL.
• List the host in place of the executive producer
• Omit the URL if the podcast wasn't accessed online (e.g., podcast app)
• Single Podcast Episode: Executive Producer, E. P. (Executive Producer). (Date of publication). Title of podcast episode (Episode number) [Audio podcast episode]. In Title of podcast. Production company. URL.

More Audio

• Artwork in a Museum/Website: Artist, A. (Year of release). Title of artwork [medium]. Name of museum, City, State, Country. URL of museum.
• Cite the website, or omit it if there is no website
• If there is no title, provide a brief description of the work in square brackets
• Photograph (Not in a Museum): Photographer, P. (Year of publication). Title of photograph [Photograph]. Source. URL.
• Describe the photograph and put that description in square brackets if there is no title

In-text Citations

• Basics: List author and year in text (e.g., Jones, 1998)
• Complete references should appear in the reference list
• Only list author and year for ideas from another's work
• If directly quoting or borrowing, include the page number
• Use "p." for one page, "pp." for multiple

Formatting signal phrases

• When using in-text citations, use signal or non-signal phrases
• Signal phrase: The author's name is present in the sentence
• Non-signal phrase: The author's name is absent
• No name repetition in the citation if using a signal phrase

Short quotes

• Include the author, publication year, and page number reference before "p." in quotation marks
• Introduce phrases with author's last name in parenthesis
• Common signal phrases: "argued," "believed," "claimed," etc.
• Place it in parenthesis after a quotation if it doesn't include the author's name in the text of the sentence

Long quotes

• Place direct quotations that are 40 words or longer in a block of type written lines and omit quotation marks
• Start the quotation on a new line, indented 1/2 inch from the left margin
• Indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation 1/2 inch from the new margin; double-space
• Parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark

Quotes From Sources Without Pages

• Reference another logical element (paragraph for electronic sources, chapter, section, table)
• List the author's last name and the year for audiovisual sources
• Include identifiers like verse numbers for older works/religious texts

Summary/Paraphrase

• Cite the author and publication year
• No page or paragraph numbers required
• APA encourages pages (print) and paragraph (electronic) numbers for specific ideas from another text

Authors formatting in-text

• Two Authors: Name both authors with either "and" or "&" in the signal or parenthesis
• Three+: name of the first followed by et al unless that creates ambiguity
• Et al. shouldn't be followed by a period
• Write out more names in similar citation forms

Unknown authors

• Cite the source by its title or the first item or two in the parentheses
• Titles of books/reports are italicized, other works are in quotation marks
• Capitalize titles, but not when they are written in reference lists

Organization as author

• Mention the organization in the signal phrase or parentheses the cited source
• If the organization has an abbreviated name/initials, you may include it for future references
• Don't use abbreviations for similar organizations
• Cite with the same listing as in the reference list to remain consistent

Works in Parenthesis

• Order them by the appearance they hold in the reference list alphabetically
• Follow with dates to make it simple to differentiate

Author, same last name

• Use initials to prevent confusion

Same author, Same year

• Letter the entries in the reference list and include with year in the in-text citation

Personal communication in-text

• Name, fact they are in personal communication, and date of communication
• Do not include source type in reference list

Electronic Sources in-text

• Cite document with date and author-date as you would with a normal document

Other Formatting Types

• Unknown Date/Author- Cite title in the phrase or the first word or two
• Sources without page numbers - include the heading, section name, a paragraph number or a combination of these
• Don’t use web page numbers of those with variable pagination
• Use available page numbers

Paper Formatting

• Must be typed
• Double spaced in the "Paragraph" options
• All margins should be set at 1 inch on all sides
• 11 pt standard font i.e. Times New Roman [12], Arial, Georgia or Calibri
• Standard sized paper either A4 or Lettered
• Every single page of your paper must include a page number in the upper right corner

Sections of a project

• Cover page
• Abstract
• Main Body
• References

Cover page Elements

• Title of the paper
• Name of the author of the paper
• School being attended
• Corse number with name
• Course instructors name
• Assignment due date

Abstract Elements

• Summary of article
• Usually 150-250 words and one paragraph
• A brief introduction
• an outline of your hypothesis
• Summary of finding
• Brief finding that states if you support or disagree with your hypothesis.

Body Elements

• Read and Be broken into several chapters
• Be sure to be concise in formatting
• Has first peron pronouns instead of 3rd person pronouns
• Stressing the actions of your research
• Being concise and clear in explaining things
• Centered and bolded titles for parts of the chapter
• Each break is to be given in one line
• Use either signal or non-signal terms for research.
• All content requires to be double-spaced.

Reference list Elements

• List cited sources
• Bold and centre the titles
• all reference need to be double spaced
• Alphabetical order