APA 7th Edition: Reference Lists

• This is a 7th edition APA Style Guide

Reference Lists

• A reference list occurs at the end of a standard APA paper
• It contains references used as citations in the paper
• Most sources follow straightforward rules, but academic journal sources have special rules

Basic Rules for Most Sources

• Remember the sequence: Who, When, What, Where
• All APA references are listed in this order, with minor exceptions
• Author names are inverted, with the first and middle names written as initials
  • Example: Mohammad Jafar Iqbal is written as Iqbal, M. J.
• The guide uses Lastname, F. M., as a standin for author names
• Up to and including 20 author names are listed for a particular work
• Separate author names with a comma
• Use an ampersand (&) before the last author’s name
  • Example: Iqbal, M. J., Ahmed, H., & Hasan, R.
• If there are more than 21 authors, use an ellipsis after the 19th author, followed by the final author's name
• Alphabetize reference list entries by the last name of the author of each work
• For multiple articles by the same author, list the entries in chronological order, from earliest to most recent
• When referring to titles of books, chapters, articles, reports, webpages, etc., capitalize only the following:
  • The first letter of the first word of the title and subtitle
  • The first word after a colon or a dash in the title
  • Proper nouns
• Italicize titles of longer works (books, edited collections, newspapers, etc.)
• Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around titles of shorter works (chapters in books, essays in edited collections)
• Underline titles in handwritten works
• All lines after the first line of each entry should be indented one-half inch from the left margin (hanging indent)

Basic Rules for Articles in Academic Journals

• List journal titles in full and italicized
• Capitalize all major words in journal titles
• Do not italicize or underline the article title

Author/Authors

• Rules apply to handling works by a single author or multiple authors
• These rules are regardless of the type of work (book, article, electronic resource, etc.)

Single Author

• List the author last name first, followed by their initials
• Example:
  • Brown, E. (2013). Comedy and the feminine middlebrow novel. Pickering & Chatto.

Two Authors

• List their last names and initials
• Separate author names with a comma
• Use an ampersand (&) instead of "and."
• Example: Soto, C. J., & John, O. P. (2017). The next big five inventory (BFI-2): Developing and assessing a hierarchical model with 15 facets to enhance bandwidth, fidelity, and predictive power. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 113(1), 117-143. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000096

Three to Twenty Authors

• List by last names and initials
• Commas separate author names
• The last author name is preceded again by an ampersand
• Example:
  • Nguyen, T., Carnevale, J. J., Scholer, A. A., Miele, D. B., & Fujita, K. (2019). Metamotivational knowledge of the role of high-level and low-level construal in goal-relevant task performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 117(5), 879-899. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000166

More Than Twenty Authors

• List by last names and initials
• Commas separate author names
• Use an ellipsis in place of the remaining author names after the first 19 authors’ names
• End with the final author's name, which does not get an ampersand before it
• There should be no more than twenty names in the citation in total
• Example:
  • Pegion, K., Kirtman, B. P., Becker, E., Collins, D. C., LaJoie, E., Burgman, R., Bell, R., DelSole, R., Min, D., Zhu, Y., Li, W., Sinsky, E., Guan, H., Gottschalck, J., Metzger, E. J., Barton, N. P., Achuthavarier, D., Marshak, J., Koster, R.,... Kim, H. (2019). The subseasonal experiment (SubX): A multimodel subseasonal prediction experiment. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 100(10), 2043-2061. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0270.1

Group Author

• Group authors include corporations, government agencies, organizations, etc
• A group can publish in coordination with individuals
• Treat the publishing organization the same way you'd treat the author's name
• Make sure to provide the full name of the group author in your reference list
• Abbreviation can be used in the text
• Entries in reference works (e.g., dictionaries, thesauruses, and encyclopedias) without credited authors are considered works with group authors
• Example:
  • Merriam-Webster. (2008). Braggadocio. In Merriam-Webster’s Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary. Merriam-Webster.
• When work has multiple layers of group authorship, list the most specific agency as the author and the parent agency as the publisher
  • Example: Bureau of International Organization Affairs. (2018). U.S. contributions to international organizations, 2017 [Annual report]. U.S. Department of State. https://www.state.gov/u-s-contributions-to-international organizations/

Unknown Author

• When work does not have an author, move the title of the work to the beginning of the entry
• Follow with the date of publication
• Only use “Anonymous” if the author is the work is signed “Anonymous.”
• Example: Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (11th ed.). (2003). Merriam-Webster.

Two or More Works by the Same Author

• Use the author's name for all entries and list the entries by year, earliest first
• List references with no dates before references with dates
  • Urcuioli, P. J. (n.d.).
  • Urcuioli, P. J. (2011).
  • Urcuioli, P. J. (2015).
• When an author appears both as a sole author and, in another citation, as the first author of a group, list the one-author entries first
  • Agnew, C. R. (Ed.). (2014). Social influences on romantic relationships: Beyond the dyad. Cambridge University Press.
  • Agnew, C. R., & South, S. C. (Eds.). (2014). Interpersonal relationships and health: Social and clinical psychological mechanisms. Oxford University Press.
• References that have the same first author and different second and/or third authors are arranged alphabetically by the last name of the second author, or the last name of the third if the first and second authors are the same
  • Arriaga, X. B., Capezza, N. M., Reed, J. T., Wesselman, E. D., & Williams, K. D. (2014). With partners like you, who needs strangers?: Ostracism involving a romantic partner. Personal Relationships, 21(4), 557-569.
  • Arriaga, X. B., Kumashiro, M., Finkel, E. J., VanderDrift, L. E., & Luchies, L. B. (2014). Filling the void: Bolstering attachment security in committed relationships. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 5(4), 398-405.

Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year

• Check to see if they have more specific dates if using more than one reference by the same author published in the same year
• List entries with only a year before those with a more specific date
• List specific dates chronologically
• If two works have the same publication date, organize them alphabetically by the title of the article or chapter
• If references with the same date are identified as parts of a series (e.g. Part 1 and Part 2), list them in order of their place in the series
• Then assign letter suffixes to the year
• Example: Berndt (2004a) makes similar claims
  • Berndt, T. J. (2004a). Children’s friendships: Shifts over a half-century in perspectives on their development and their effects. Merrill Palmer Quarterly, 50(3), 206-223.
  • Berndt, T. J. (2004b). Friendship and three A’s (aggression, adjustment, and attachment). Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 88(1), 1-4.

Introductions, Prefaces, Forewords, and Afterwords

• Cite the publishing information about a book as usual
• Cite Introduction, Preface, Foreword, or Afterword (whatever title is applicable) as the chapter of the book
• Example:
  • Lang, J. M. (2018). Introduction. In G. Dujardin, J. M. Lang, & J. A. Staunton (Eds.), Teaching the literature survey course (pp. 1-8). West Virginia University Press.

Articles in Periodicals

• The following contains a list of the most cited periodical sources

Basic Form

• Authors are named with their last name followed by their initials
• Publication year is in parentheses, followed by a period
• The title of the article is in sentence-case
  • Only the first word and proper nouns in the title are capitalized
• The periodical title is run in title case and is italicized, along with the volume number
• Include the DOI after the page numbers for the article, if it has one
• If no DOI is assigned and you are accessing the periodical online, use the URL of the website
• Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number(issue number), pages. https://doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyy

Article in Print Journal

• Example: Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening. The New Criterion, 15(3), 5–13. APA 7 advises writers to include a DOI (if available), even with the print source the example above assumes no DOI is available.

Article in Electronic Journal

• Include a DOI if one is associated with the article.
• Example: Baniya, S., & Weech, S. (2019). Data and experience design: Negotiating community-oriented digital research with service-learning. Purdue Journal of Service-Learning and International Engagement, 6(1), 11– 16. https://doi.org/10.5703/1288284316979
• DOIs may not always be available, in those cases, use a URL
• Many academic journals provide stable URLs that function similarly to DOIs, these are preferable to copied URLs
• Example: Lehmann, W. (2009). University as vocational education: Working-class students’ expectations for university. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 30(2), 137- 149. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40375414

Article in a Magazine

• Example: Peterzell, J. (1990, April). Better late than never. Time, 135(17), 20–21.
• For articles without author names, start with the title of the article
• Example: Better late than never. (1990, April). Time, 135(17), 20–21.

Article in a Newspaper

• Example: Schultz, S. (2005, December). Calls made to strengthen state energy policies. The Country Today, 1A.
• For articles without author, start with the title
• Example: Calls made to strengthen state energy policies. (2005, December). The Country Today, 1A.

Review

• Reviewer’sLastname, F. (Year). Title of review [Review of media Title of media, by F. Author’sLastname]. Title of publication, volumenumber(issuenumber), pages.
  • Baumeister, R. F. (1993). Exposing the self-knowledge myth [Review of the book The self-knower: A hero under control, by R. A. Wicklund & M. Eckert]. Contemporary Psychology, 38(5), 466–467.
• Here is an example of a posted website review
  • Bell, M. S. (2006, December 31). Are you my mother? [Review of the book Let the northern lights erase your name, by V. Vida]. The New York Times Book Review, https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/31/books/review/Bell.t.ht ml?ref=review
• You may also reference reviews of films or video
  • Reviewer’sLastname, F. (Year). Title of review [Review of the film Name of film, by F. Director’sLastname, Dir.]. Title of publication, volumenumber(issuenumber), pages.
  • Schickel, R. (2006). The power of Babel [Review of the film Babel, by A. G. Inaritu, Dir.]. Time, 168(18), 70.
• If the review is from an online source, simply provide the URL

Books

• The following contains a list of the most cited print book sources. E-books are described in the Electronic Sources section

Basic Format for Books

• Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Publisher Name.
  • Stoneman, R. (2008). Alexander the Great: A life in legend. Yale University Press.

Edited Book, No Author

• Editor, E. E. (Ed.). (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Publisher.
  • Leitch, M. G. & Rushton, C. J. (Eds.). (2019). A new companion to Malory. D. S. Brewer.

Edited Book with an Author or Authors

• Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle (E. Editor, Ed.). Publisher.
  • Malory, T. (2017). Le morte darthur (P. J. C. Field, Ed.). D. S. Brewer. (Original work published 1469-70)

Translation

• Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle (T. Translator, Trans.). Publisher. (Original work published YEAR)
  • Jonasson, J. (2015). Hitman Anders and the meaning of it all (R. Willson, Trans.). Harper Collins. (Original work published 2014)

Edition Other Than the First

• Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle (# edition). Publisher.
  • Belcher, W. (2019). Writing your journal article in twelve weeks: A guide to academic publishing success (2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press.

Article or Chapter in an Edited Book

• Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In E. E. Editor & F. F. Editor (Eds.), Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle (pp. pages of chapter). Publisher.
  • Armstrong, D. (2019). Malory and character. In M. G. Leitch & C. J. Rushton (Eds.), A new companion to Malory (2nd ed., pp. 144-163). D. S. Brewer.
• When you list the pages of the chapter or essay in parentheses after the book title, use "pp." before the numbers: (pp. 1-21)
• List any edition number in the same set of parentheses as the page numbers, separated by a comma: (2nd ed., pp. 66-72).

Multivolume Work

• Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle (Vol. #). Publisher.
  • David, A., & Simpson, J. (Eds.). (2006). The Norton anthology of English literature: The Middle Ages (Vol. 8). W. W. Norton and Company.

Other Print Sources

• These are highly uncommon print sources that you may come across.

Entry in a Dictionary, Thesaurus, or Encyclopedia with a Group Author

• Institution or organization name. (Year). Title of entry. In Title of reference work (edition, page numbers). Publisher name.
  • Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. (1997). Goat. In Merriam Webster’s collegiate dictionary (10th ed., pp. 499-500). Merriam-Webster, Incorporated.

Entry in a Dictionary, Thesaurus, or Encyclopedia with an Individual Author

• Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of entry. In F. M. Lastname (Ed.), Title of reference work (edition, page numbers). Publisher.
  • Tatum, S. R. (2009). Spirituality and religion in hip hop literature and culture. In T. L. Stanley (Ed.), Encyclopedia of hip-hop literature (pp. 250-252). Greenwood.

Dissertation Abstract

• Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of dissertation. Dissertation Abstracts International, Vol., Page.
  • Angeli, E. L. (2012). Networks of communication in emergency medical services. Dissertation Abstracts International, 74, 03(E).

Dissertation or Master’s Thesis, Published

• Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of dissertation/thesis (Publication No.) [Doctoral dissertation/Master’s thesis, Name of Institution Awarding the Degree]. Database or Archive Name.
  • Angeli, E. L. (2012). Networks of communication in emergency medical services (Publication No. 3544643) [Doctoral dissertation, Purdue University]. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.
• If the dissertation or thesis is not published in a database, include the URL of the site

Dissertation or Master’s Thesis, Unpublished

• Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of dissertation/thesis [Unpublished doctoral dissertation/master’s thesis]. Name of Institution Awarding the Degree.
  • Samson, J. M. (2016). Human trafficking and globalization [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.

Report by a Government Agency or Other Organization

• Organization Name. (Year). Title of report. URL.
  • United States Government Accountability Office. (2019). Performance and accountability report: Fiscal year 2019. https://www.gao.gov/assets/710/702715.pdf

Report by Individual Authors at Government Agency or Other Organization

• Lastname, F. M., & Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of report. Organization Name. URL.
  • Palanker, D., Volk, J., Lucia, K., & Thomas, K. (2018). Mental health parity at risk: Deregulating the individual market and the impact on mental health coverage. National Alliance on Mental Illness. https://www.nami.org/About NAMI/Publications-Reports/Public-Policy-Reports/Parity at-Risk/ParityatRisk.pdf

Conference Proceedings

• Lastname, F. M., & Lastname, F. M. (Eds.). (Year). Title of Proceedings. Publisher. URL (if applicable)
  • Huang, S., Pierce, R., & Stamey, J. (Eds.). (2006). Proceedings of the 24th annual ACM international conference on the design of communication. ACM Digital Library. https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1166324&picked=prox

Electronic Sources

• Include the publishing year, month, and date in references for web-based or electronic sources
• Use the year of publication if the month and date are not available
• The latest style guide no longer requires the use of “Retrieved from” before URLs.

Webpage or Piece of Online Content

• Cite the author name first, if the page names an individual author:
  • Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of page. Site name. URL
  • Price, D. (2018, March 23). Laziness does not exist. Medium. https://humanparts.medium.com/laziness-does-not-exist 3af27e312d01
• Use the name of the group/organization as the author, if the resource was written by one
  • Omit the site name from the citation if the author and site name are the same
  • Group name. (Year, Month Date). Title of page. Site name. URL
  • American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. (2019, November 21). Justice served: Case closed for over 40 dogfighting victims. https://www.aspca.org/news/justice-served-case-closed over-40-dogfighting-victims
• Start with the title if the page's author is not listed, include a retrieval date when the page's content is likely to change
  • Title of page. (Year, Month Date). Site name. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from URL
  • Tuscan white bean pasta. (2018, February 25). Budgetbytes. Retrieved March 18, 2020, from https://www.budgetbytes.com/tuscan-white-bean-pasta/
• Use the abbreviation (n.d.) if the date of publication is not listed
  • Author or Group name. (n.d.). Title of page. Site name (if applicable). URL
  • National Alliance on Mental Illness. (n.d.). Mental health conditions. https://www.nami.org/Learn-More/Mental Health-Conditions

Wikipedia Article

• Title of article. (Year, Month Date). In Wikipedia. URL of archived version of page
• Quantum mechanics. (2019, November 19). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantum_mecha n ics&oldid=948476810
• Dates refer to the date that the cited version of the page was published
• Link to the archived version of the page since the latter can change over time
• Access the archived version by clicking "View History", then by clicking the date/timestamp of the version

Newspaper Article

• Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of article. Title of Publication. URL
  • Richards, C. (2019, December 9). Best music of 2019: Lana Del Rey sings lullabies about the end of America. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/music/best music-of-2019-lana-del-rey-sings-lullabies-about-the-end of-america/2019/12/06/6e82c5ec-15d8-11ea-a659- 7d69641c6ff7_story.html

Electronic or Kindle Books

• It is not necessary to note that you have used an eBook or audiobook when the content is the same as a physical book
• Distinguish between the eBook or audiobook and the print version if the content is different or abridged, or if you would like to cite the narrator of an audiobook Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of book. Publisher. URL Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of book [eBook edition]. Publisher. URL Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of book (N. Narrator, Narr.) [Audiobook]. Publisher. URL (if applicable)

Dissertation/Thesis from a Database

Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of dissertation or thesis (Publication No.) [Doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis, Name of Institution Awarding Degree]. Database Name. Duis, J. M. (2008). Acid/base chemistry and related organic chemistry conceptions of undergraduate organic chemistry students. (Publication No. 3348786) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Northern Colorado]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Entry in an Online Dictionary, Thesaurus, or Encyclopedia with a Group Author

• An online dictionary, thesaurus, or encyclopedia may be continuously updated and therefore not include a publication date
• Use n.d. for the date and include the retrieval date in the citation Institution or organization name. (Year). Title of entry. In Title of reference work. URL Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Braggadocio. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved January 13, 2020, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/braggadocio

Entry in an Online Dictionary, Thesaurus, or Encyclopedia with an Individual Author

• Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of entry. In F. M. Lastname (ed.), Title of reference work (edition). Publisher. URL or DOI
  • Martin, M. (2018). Animals. In L. A. Schintler & C. L. McNeely (Eds), Encyclopedia of big data. SpringerLink. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32001-4_7-1<
• Skip that step if the dictionary, thesaurus, or encyclopedia does not include an edition

Data Sets

• Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group (Year). Title of dataset (Version No.) [Data set]. Publisher. DOI or URL
  • Grantmakers in the Arts. (2019). Arts funding trends, United States, 1994-present (ICPSR 37337) [Data set]. National Archive of Data on Arts & Culture. https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/NADAC/studies/37337

Graphic Data (e.g. Interactive Maps, Infographics, and Others)

• Provide the name of the organization or individual followed by the date and the title
• If there is no title, in brackets, you should provide a brief explanation of what type of data is there and in what form it appears. Include the URL and the retrieval date if there is no publication date
• HatchMed. (2017). 8 ways to improve patient satisfaction [Infographic]. HatchMed.com. https://www.hatchmed.com/blog/2017/1/30/8-ways-to improve-patient-satisfaction
• Google. (n.d.). [Google Map of Purdue University]. Retrieved January 12, 2020, from https://www.google.com/maps/@40.4237095,-86.9233886,17z

Qualitative Data and Online Interviews

• If the interview transcript is published in an online periodical, like a magazine, cite the interview the same way you would cite the medium where it is published Schulman, M. (2019, December 8). Peter Dinklage is still punk rock. The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/culture/the-new-yorker interview/peter-dinklage-is-still-punk-rock If it is an audio file or transcript published in a database, credit the interviewee as the author and use the following model:

Paynter, W. (1970, September 17). Interview with Will Paynter [Interview]. Studs Terkel Radio Archive. https://studsterkel.wfmt.com/programs/interview-will paynter

Online Lecture Notes and Presentation Slides

• Provide the file format in brackets after the lecture title Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of presentation [Lecture notes, PowerPoint slides, etc]. Publisher. URL Smith, C. (2017, October 13). AI and machine learning demystified [PowerPoint slides]. SlideShare. https://www.slideshare.net/carologic/ai-and-machine learning-demystified-by-carol-smith-at-midwest-ux-201 7

Computer Software/Downloaded Software

• Do not cite standard office software (e.g. Word, Excel) or programming languages
• Provide references only for specialized software Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group. (Year). Title of software (Version No.). Publisher. URL Maplesoft. (2019). Maple companion (Version 2.1.0). Cybernet Systems Co. https://www.maplesoft.com/products/MapleCompanion/

Email

• E-mails are not included in the list of references
• Parenthetically cite them in your main text (F. Lastname, personal communication, January 4, 2001)

Online Forum or Discussion Posting

• Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group [username]. (Year, Month Date). Title of post [Online forum post]. Publisher. URL
  • Stine, R. L. [RL__Stine]. (2013, October 23). I’m R.L. Stine and it’s my job to terrify kids. Ask me anything! [Online forum post]. Reddit. https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/1p32dl/
• If no real name is provided, use only the given username

Tweet

• Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group [@username]. (Year, Month Date). Content of the post up to the first 20 words [Tweet]. Site Name. URL
  • Obama, B. [@BarackObama]. (2020, April 14). Dreamers have contributed so much to our country, and they are risking their lives fighting on the frontlines of this pandemic… [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/BarackObama/status/12497597491025469 4 6
• Tweet includes images, videos, or links to other sources, indicate that information in brackets after the content description, attempt to replicate emojis if possible. - National Geographic [@NatGeo]. (2020, January 12). Scientists knew African grays are clever, but now they’ve been documented assisting other members of their species—even strangers [Tweet; thumbnail link to article]. Twitter.

Twitter Profile

• Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group [@username]. (n.d.). Tweets [Twitter profile]. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from URL.
  • MLA Style [@mlastyle]. (n.d.). Tweets [Twitter profile]. Retrieved January 12, 2020, from https://twitter.com/mlastyle

Facebook Post

• Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group. (Year, Month Date). Content of the post up to the first 20 words [Type of post]. Site Name. URL
• Facebook post includes images, videos, or links to other sources, indicate the information in brackets after the content description, attempt to replicate emojis if possible.
  • U.S. Department of the Interior. (2020, January 10). Like frosting on a cake, snow coats and clings to the hoodoos at Bryce Canyon National Park in Utah [Image attached] [Status update]. Facebook.

Facebook Page

• Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group. (n.d.). Home [Facebook page]. Site name. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from URL
  • Little River Canyon National Preserve (n.d.). Home [Facebook page]. Facebook. Retrieved January 12, 2020 from https://www.facebook.com/lirinps/

Instagram Photo or Video

• Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group [@username]. (Year, Month Date). Content of the post up to the first 20 words [Type of post]. Site Name. URL
  • BBC [@bbc]. (2020, January 12). Skywatchers have been treated to the first full moon of 2020-known as a “wolf moon”-at the same time as a [Photograph]. Instagram.

Blog Post

• Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of post. Publisher. URL
  • Axelrod, A. (2019, August 11). A century later: The Treaty of Versailles and its rejection of racial equality. Code Switch, NPR.

YouTube or other Streaming Video

• Last Name, F. M. [Username]. (Year, Month Date). Title of video [Video]. Streaming Service. URL
  • Lushi, K. [Korab Lushi]. (2016, July 3). Albatross culture 1 [Video]. YouTube. The person or group who uploaded the video is considered the author Omit [Username] if the author’s name is the same as the username. See Brownlee, M. (2019, February 12). Talking tech & saving the world with Bill Gates! [Video]. YouTube.

Ted Talk

• Author, A. A. (Year, Month Date). Title of talk [Video]. TED. URL
  • Al-Mutawa, N. (2010, July). Superheroes inspired by Islam [Video]. TED
• Or (if on YouTube):
  • Username. (Year, Month Date). Title of talk [Video]. YouTube. URL -Tedx Talks. (2011, Nov. 15). TEDxHampshireCollege - Jay Smooth - How I learned to stop worrying and love discussing race [Video].

Audiovisual Media

• This includes media that contain audio components, visual components, or a combination of both.

Film or Video

• Director, D. D. (Director). (Date of publication). Title of motion picture [Film]. Production company.
• Loyd, P. (Director). (2008). Mamma mia! [Film]. Universal Pictures.

Film or Video in Another Language

• Director, D. D. (Director). (Date of publication). Title of motion picture in original language [Translated title] [Film]. Production company.
  • Del Toro, G. (Director). (2006). El laberinto del fauno [Pan’s labyrinth] [Film]. Warner Bros. Pictures.

TV Series

• Executive Producer, P. P. (Executive Producer). (