APA 7th Edition: Reference List Basics

• APA Style Guide is in its 7th Edition

Reference Lists

• Reference lists are at the end of APA papers with citations used there-in
• Rules for academic journal sources have some exceptions

Basic Rules for Most Sources

• Remember Who, When, What, Where sequence
• All APA references follow this order with minor exceptions
• Author names written inverse (Lastname, F. M.)
• Up to 20 author names are included for a specific work
• Authors are comma-separated with "&" before the last author
• For more than 21 authors, use an ellipsis (...) after the 19th author
• Add the final author's name, but do not use "&"
• Reference lists are alphabetized by the author's last name
• Entries for same author are listed chronologically, earliest to most recent
• Capitalize the first letter of first word in book titles, subtitles, words after colons/dashes and proper nouns
• Italicize longer works: books, edited collections, newspapers
• Do not italicize, underline, or quote shorter works like book chapters
• Underline titles if handwriting
• Hanging indent of .5" for all lines after the first line of each entry

Basic Rules for Articles in Academic Journals

• Journal titles are presented in full and italicized
• Capitalize all major words in journal titles
• Do not italicize or underline the article title

Authors (Single, Two, Three to Twenty, More Than Twenty)

• Rules apply to any work type (book, article, electronic resource, etc.)

Single Author

• Last name comes first, then initials: Brown, E. (2013). Comedy and the feminine middlebrow novel. Pickering & Chatto.

Two Authors

• List last names and initials separated by a comma
• Use an ampersand (&) instead of "and": Soto, C. J., & John, O. P. (2017). The next big five inventory (BFI-2): Developing and assessing a hierarchical model with 15 facets to enhance bandwidth, fidelity, and predictive power. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 113(1), 117-143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000096

Three to Twenty Authors

• List names and initials
• Separate with commas
• Precede the last author with "&": Nguyen, T., Carnevale, J. J., Scholer, A. A., Miele, D. B., & Fujita, K. (2019). Metamotivational knowledge of the role of high-level and low-level construal in goal-relevant task performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 117(5), 879-899. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000166

More than Twenty Authors

• List names and initials separated by commas, use an ellipsis after the first 19 authors' names, and end with the final author's name
• There should be no more than 20 names in the citation: Pegion, K., Kirtman, B. P., Becker, E., Collins, D. C., LaJoie, E., Burgman, R., Bell, R., DelSole, R., Min, D., Zhu, Y., Li, W., Sinsky, E., Guan, H., Gottschalck, J., Metzger, E. J., Barton, N. P., Achuthavarier, D., Marshak, J., Koster, R.,... Kim, H. (2019). The subseasonal experiment (SubX): A multimodel subseasonal prediction experiment. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 100(10), 2043-2061. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0270.1

Group Author

• Group authors: corporations, government agencies, organizations etc
• Treat the publishing organization as the author's name
• Use the full name of the group author in the reference list
• Abbreviations may be used in the text
• Reference works without credited authors also works with group authors
• Example: Merriam-Webster. (2008). Braggadocio. In Merriam-Webster’s Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary. Merriam-Webster.
• When multiple layers of group authorship exists, list the most specific agency as the author and the parent agency as the publisher
• Example: Bureau of International Organization Affairs. (2018). U.S. contributions to international organizations, 2017 [Annual report]. U.S. Department of State. https://www.state.gov/u-s-contributions-to-international organizations/

Unknown Author

• Move the work's title to the beginning of the references
• Follow with the publication date

Same Author - Two or More Works

• Use the author's name for all entries and list by year
• List references with no dates before references with dates
• Example: Urcuioli, P. J. (n.d.). Urcuioli, P. J. (2011). Urcuioli, P. J. (2015).
• Author as sole author and as first author, list the one-author first
• Example: Agnew, C. R. (Ed.). (2014). Social influences on romantic relationships: Beyond the dyad. Cambridge University Press. Agnew, C. R., & South, S. C. (Eds.). (2014). Interpersonal relationships and health: Social and clinical psychological mechanisms. Oxford University Press.
• Same first author but various second/third authors: arrange alphabetically by the last name of the second author: Arriaga, X. B., Capezza, N. M., Reed, J. T., Wesselman, E. D., & Williams, K. D. (2014). With partners like you, who needs strangers?: Ostracism involving a romantic partner. Personal Relationships, 21(4), 557-569.

Two or More Works - Same Author - Same Year

• Check for specific dates
• List works with only the year, ahead of those with a specific date
• List specific dates chronologically
• Organize alphabetically by title if the same publication date exists
• If part of a series, list by order and assign letter suffixes to the year: Berndt, T. J. (2004a). Children’s friendships: Shifts over a half-century in perspectives on their development and their effects. Merrill Palmer Quarterly, 50(3), 206-223. Berndt, T. J. (2004b). Friendship and three A’s (aggression, adjustment, and attachment). Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 88(1), 1-4.

Introductions, Prefaces, Forewords, and Afterwords

• Cite Intro, Preface, Foreword, or Afterword as the book chapter
• Cite publishing information about the book as usual: Lang, J. M. (2018). Introduction. In G. Dujardin, J. M. Lang, & J. A. Staunton (Eds.), Teaching the literature survey course (pp. 1-8). West Virginia University Press.

Articles in Periodicals

• Follows a list of common periodical sources

Basic Form - Articles in Periodicals

• Author name format: Last name, Initials e.g. Author, A. A.
• Year in parentheses, followed by a period
• Sentence case on article title, only first word and proper nouns capitalized
• Run periodical title in title case and italicized with volume number
• Include a DOI after the page numbers for the article if assigned
• Use URL of the website to retrieve, if no DOI is assigned: Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number(issue number), pages. https://doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyy

Article in Print Journal

• Example: Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening. The New Criterion, 15(3), 5–13.
• APA 7 advises to include DOI if available, even when using print source

Article in Electronic Journal

• Include DOI, if associated Baniya, S., & Weech, S. (2019). Data and experience design: Negotiating community-oriented digital research with service-learning. Purdue Journal of Service-Learning and International Engagement, 6(1), 11–16. https://doi.org/10.5703/1288284316979
• Use a URL if DOIs aren't available
• Use academic journals that provide stable URLs, if possible: Lehmann, W. (2009). University as vocational education: Working-class students’ expectations for university. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 30(2), 137-149. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40375414

Article in a Magazine

• Peterzell, J. (1990, April). Better late than never. Time, 135(17), 20–21.
• No author: start with title
• Example: Better late than never. (1990, April). Time, 135(17), 20–21.

Article in A Newspaper

• Example: Schultz, S. (2005, December). Calls made to strengthen state energy policies. The Country Today, 1A.
• Unknown author: start with the title Example: Calls made to strengthen state energy policies. (2005, December). The Country Today, 1A.

Review

• Reviewer format: Reviewer’sLastname, F. (Year). Title of review [Review of media Title of media, by F. Author’sLastname]. Title of publication, volumenumber(issuenumber), pages.
• Example: Baumeister, R. F. (1993). Exposing the self-knowledge myth [Review of the book The self-knower: A hero under control, by R. A. Wicklund & M. Eckert]. Contemporary Psychology, 38(5), 466–467.
• Website reviews: Bell, M. S. (2006, December 31). Are you my mother? [Review of the book Let the northern lights erase your name, by V. Vida]. The New York Times Book Review, https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/31/books/review/ Bell.t.ht ml?ref-review
• Film/video reviews: Reviewer’sLastname, F. (Year). Title of review [Review of the film Name of film, by F. Director’sLastname, Dir.]. Title of publication, volumenumber(issuenumber), pages.
• Example: Schickel, R. (2006). The power of Babel [Review of the film Babel, by A. G. Inaritu, Dir.]. Time, 168(18), 70.
• Provide the URL if the review is found online

Books

• The following contains a list of the most cited print book sources
• E-books get outlined in the Electronic Sources section

Basic Format for Books

• Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Publisher Name
• Example: Stoneman, R. (2008). Alexander the Great: A life in legend. Yale University Press.

Edited Book, No Author

• Editor, E. E. (Ed.). (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Publisher.

Edited Book with Author or Author

• Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle (E. Editor, Ed.). Publisher.
• Example: Malory, T. (2017). Le morte darthur (P. J. C. Field, Ed.). D. S. Brewer. (Original work published 1469-70)

Translation

• Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle (T. Translator, Trans.). Publisher. (Original work published YEAR)
• Example: Jonasson, J. (2015). Hitman Anders and the meaning of it all (R. Willson, Trans.). Harper Collins. (Original work published 2014)

Edition Other Than the First

• Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle (# edition). Publisher.
• Example: Belcher, W. (2019). Writing your journal article in twelve weeks: A guide to academic publishing success (2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press.

Article or Chapter in an Edited Book

• Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In E. E. Editor & F. F. Editor (Eds.), Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle (pp. pages of chapter). Publisher.

Multivolume Work

Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle (Vol. #). Publisher. Example: David, A., & Simpson, J. (Eds.). (2006). The Norton anthology of English literature: The Middle Ages (Vol. 8). W. W. Norton and Company.

Note:

• After book title listing chapter/essay pages in parentheses, use "pp." before numbers: (pp. 1-21)
• Any edition number listed in the same set, separated by a comma: (2nd ed., pp. 66-72)
• Armstrong, D. (2019). Malory and character. In M. G. Leitch & C. J. Rushton (Eds.), A new companion to Malory (2nd ed., pp. 144-163). D. S. Brewer.

Other Print Sources

• Highly uncommon print sources

Dictionary, Thesaurus, or Encyclopedia Entry - Group Author

• Institution or organization name. (Year). Title of entry. In Title of reference work (edition, page numbers). Publisher name

Dictionary, Thesaurus, or Encyclopedia Entry - Individual Author

• Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of entry. In F. M. Lastname (Ed.), Title of reference work (edition, page numbers). Publisher.
• Example: Tatum, S. R. (2009). Spirituality and religion in hip hop literature and culture. In T. L. Stanley (Ed.), Encyclopedia of hip-hop literature (pp. 250-252). Greenwood.

Dissertation Abstract

• Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of dissertation. Dissertation Abstracts International, Vol., Page.
• Example: Angeli, E. L. (2012). Networks of communication in emergency medical services. Dissertation Abstracts International, 74, 03(E).

Dissertation or Master’s Thesis, Published

• Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of dissertation/thesis (Publication No.) [Doctoral dissertation/Master’s thesis, Name of Institution Awarding the Degree]. Database or Archive Name.
• Example: Angeli, E. L. (2012). Networks of communication in emergency medical services (Publication No. 3544643) [Doctoral dissertation, Purdue University]. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.
• Include the URL of the site where the document is located if the dissertation/thesis isn't published in a database

Dissertation or Master’s Thesis, Unpublished

• Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of dissertation/thesis [Unpublished doctoral dissertation/master’s thesis]. Name of Institution Awarding the Degree.
• Example: Samson, J. M. (2016). Human trafficking and globalization [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.

Report by a Government Agency or Other Organization

Organization Name. (Year). Title of report. URL. Example: United States Government Accountability Office. (2019). Performance and accountability report: Fiscal year 2019. https://www.gao.gov/assets/710/702715.pdf

Report by Individual Authors at Government Agency or Other Organization

• Lastname, F. M., & Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of report. Organization Name. URL.
• Example: Palanker, D., Volk, J., Lucia, K., & Thomas, K. (2018). Mental health parity at risk: Deregulating the individual market and the impact on mental health coverage. National Alliance on Mental Illness. https://www.nami.org/About NAMI/Publications-Reports/Public-Policy-Reports/Parity at-Risk/ParityatRisk.pdf

Conference Proceedings

• Lastname, F. M., & Lastname, F. M. (Eds.). (Year). Title of Proceedings. Publisher. URL (if applicable)
• Example: Huang, S., Pierce, R., & Stamey, J. (Eds.). (2006). Proceedings of the 24th annual ACM international conference on the design of communication. ACM Digital Library. https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1166324&picked=prox

Electronic Sources

• Add publishing year, month, and date. If unavailable, add the year of publication
• Use of “Retrieved from” isn't required

Webpage or Piece of Online Content

• Cite individual authors first, if available: Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of page. Site name. URL
• Example: Price, D. (2018, March 23). Laziness does not exist. Medium. https://humanparts.medium.com/laziness-does-not-exist 3af27e312d01
• Group or organization authors are used if that wrote the resource; if writer and site are the same, omit site
• Example: American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. (2019, November 21). Justice served: Case closed for over 40 dogfighting victims. https://www.aspca.org/news/justice-served-case-closed over-40-dogfighting-victims
• No listed author; authors start with title
• Include retrieval date when changes over time are highly likely
• Tuscan white bean pasta. (2018, February 25). Budgetbytes. Retrieved March 18, 2020, from https://www.budgetbytes.com/tuscan-white-bean- pasta/
• List n.d. if the date is missing
• Example: National Alliance on Mental Illness. (n.d.). Mental health conditions. https://www.nami.org/Learn-More/Mental Health-Conditions

Wikipedia Article

• Title of article. (Year, Month Date). In Wikipedia. URL of archived page version
• Example: Quantum mechanics. (2019, November 19). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php? title=Quantum_mechan ics&oldid=948476810
• Link to the archived version via "View History" for updated articles and versions

Newspaper Article

• Follows this format: Lastname, F. M. (Year, Month Date). Title of article. Title of Publication. URL
• Example: Richards, C. (2019, December 9). Best music of 2019: Lana Del Rey sings lullabies about the end of America. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/music/best music-of-2019-lana-del-rey-sings-lullabies-about-the-end of-america/2019/12/06/6e82c5ec-15d8-11ea-a659- 7d69641c6ff7_story.html

Electronic or Kindle Books

• An ebook or audiobook need not be noted if the content matches the physical
• Distinguish them from the print with a format or narrator, when applicable
• Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of book. Publisher. URL

Dissertation/Thesis From a Database

• Format: Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of dissertation or thesis (Publication No.) [Doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis, Name of Institution Awarding Degree]. Database Name.
• Example: Duis, J. M. (2008). Acid/base chemistry and related organic chemistry conceptions of undergraduate organic chemistry students. (Publication No. 3348786) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Northern Colorado]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Online Dictionary, Thesaurus, or Encyclopedia Entry w Individual Author

• Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of entry. In F. M. Lastname (ed.), Title of reference work (edition). Publisher. URL or DOI
• Example: Martin, M. (2018). Animals. In L. A. Schintler & C. L. McNeely (Eds), Encyclopedia of big data. SpringerLink. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32001-4_7-1<
• Omit the edition for non edited source

Data Format - Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group Organization

• Title of Dataset Version (Year): Dataset Publisher DOI or URL - Grantmakers in the Arts is used by ICPSR

Give name of organization/individual

• If no title, use brackets and provide a brief explanation of what is provided/form
• Include URL retrieval date- especially if no publications exist

Qualitative Data, Online Interviews

• Schulman (2019)- Peter Dinklage is Still Punk Rock in Yorker
• List as published if in online periodical
• Paynter-Interviewer then Use Studs Terkel Radio Archive Database Model

Online Lecture Notes & Presentation Slides

• Provide file type in brackets Lastname F M Year Date-Title Presentation,Publisher and URL ExampleSmith (2017)
• A I Machine Learning Demystified powerpoint on slideshare

Computer Software/Downloaded Software

• No Standard software-Excel- References of special software LastName Year Title Publisher URL- Example Maplesoft

Email

• Not listed reference list-parenthetically in Main text

Online Forum

• Name, Username, Year(Date) -Title then Publisher URL
• RL Stine Reddit Example, list given

Tweets

• List up to 20 words, Twitter name URL with bracket if need (tweets)
• National geographic known for cleverness (picture with species even stranger

Twitter profile

Last or group name (@handle) then Tweets[profile] URL

Facebook Posts

Follow Format

AudioVisual Media -audio and visual components

Director or Producer and date, Motion Picture [Film] Name Company name Series, Executive Producer PP Dates of release

TV Series and Episodes

Writer and original date air.title Tv Series Title

• Album, Song or Tracks,Podcast

Artwork Medium or Website

Artist Artwork title and URL Chicago Artist and date Photos and Medium: Last name/Photographer/ Title andURL or Source -

Text Citations -the Basics

Added entry on reference, list on author, names in year page- and complete reference

Direct, and Long Quotes

Must be added but not number pages. -short or long

Signal - NonSignal Format

Signal added in author name not needed restated

Long

• 40 block indent-double

Et. Et al Two -Authors

And sign symbol but parentheses et and name in parenthesis

3Plus

et al all citations less ambiguity with other names Name et al, followed the rest Al. should have a period then the first word

Organization -author-if organization used list in signal and first in parenthesis

Common Knowledge

Personal communications are the date and name never referenced

Electronic Sourcing

Find source and date title parenthesis if not known

Without number Source

Use page but also guide

Final steps

Formatting the Paper, 1in,12 pt

Content Page is : Abstract Body and references

Title has format- Name Course Information Instructor and Date

Abstract Quickly points summarized in 200-50 Introduction and summarize First personal not third and ask for guide table information and figure