Questions and Answers
What organ houses the receptor organs for taste?
Taste buds
Which locations are most commonly associated with taste buds?
What are the projections on the tongue that house taste buds called?
Papillae
Which type of receptors respond to sugars and saccharine?
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Which receptors respond to H⁺ ions or acids?
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What do umami receptors respond to?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the special senses?
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What are the three areas of the ear?
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What are the bones of the middle ear commonly known as?
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What fluid fills the inner ear?
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The external ear is involved in both hearing and equilibrium.
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What is the function of the vestibular apparatus?
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The __________ is responsible for the sense of smell.
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What is Ménière’s syndrome associated with?
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Chemicals must be dissolved in mucus for detection by chemoreceptors.
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What type of receptors are responsible for both taste and smell?
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The __________ membrane vibrates due to sound waves.
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Study Notes
Overview of Special Senses
- Special senses include sight, hearing, equilibrium, smell, and taste.
Structure of the Ear
- Divided into three parts: external (outer) ear, middle ear, and internal (inner) ear.
- Hearing and equilibrium are the senses housed within the ear.
External Ear
- Composed primarily of the auricle (pinna) and external acoustic meatus (auditory canal).
- External ear is involved solely in hearing and ends at the tympanic membrane (eardrum).
Middle Ear (Tympanic Cavity)
- Air-filled cavity located within the temporal bone.
- Contains three small bones known as auditory ossicles: malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup).
- The pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube connects the middle ear to the throat for pressure equalization.
Inner Ear (Bony Labyrinth)
- Contains structures for hearing (cochlea) and balance (vestibule, semicircular canals).
- Filled with perilymph and surrounded by a membranous labyrinth containing endolymph.
Hearing Process
- Sound waves travel through the auditory canal to the tympanic membrane, causing it to vibrate.
- The vibrations transfer to the auditory ossicles, amplifying the sound.
- Vibrations reach the inner ear via the oval window and stimulate the spiral organ of Corti in the cochlea.
- Hair cells within the cochlea bend, generating action potentials sent to the auditory cortex in the brain.
Organs of Equilibrium
- The vestibular apparatus has two parts: static equilibrium (position relative to linear motion) and dynamic equilibrium (response to angular movements).
- Maculae are receptors in the vestibule that report on head position and movements.
- In the semicircular canals, hair cells respond to angular movements, sending impulses to the cerebellum.
Hearing and Equilibrium Deficits
- Deafness can be categorized as conduction deafness (sound transmission issues) or sensorineural deafness (nervous system damage).
- Ménière’s syndrome affects the inner ear, causing progressive deafness and vertigo.
Chemical Senses: Taste and Smell
- Both senses utilize chemoreceptors activated by chemicals in solution.
- Smell can differentiate a wide range of substances, and both senses share similar stimuli.
Olfactory System (Sense of Smell)
- Olfactory receptors are located in the nasal cavity, relying on olfactory hairs to detect dissolved chemicals.
- Sensory impulses travel through olfactory filaments to the olfactory nerve, leading to interpretation in the cortex.
Taste Buds and Taste Perception
- Taste buds are primarily located on the tongue, soft palate, and cheeks, housed within projections called papillae.
- Taste sensations are categorized as:
- Sweet: sugars and certain amino acids
- Sour: acids
- Bitter: alkaloids
- Salty: metal ions
- Umami: amino acid glutamate, associated with savory flavors.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of special senses in AP206 Chapter 8. This quiz covers the key concepts of sight, hearing, equilibrium, smell, and taste, examining the anatomy and function of each sense. Test your understanding and retention of the material presented in this chapter.
