Questions and Answers
What does the term 'Han' refer to?
What is the class of prosperous families in China known as?
Gentry
What are seasonal winds in the Indian Ocean called?
Monsoon
What are the four major social divisions in Indian history referred to?
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Who was known as the Buddha?
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What does 'Theravada' mean?
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What is the main focus of Mahayana Buddhism?
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What was the Gupta Empire known for?
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What is meant by the term 'theater-state'?
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What is Hinduism?
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Who was Ashoka?
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What is the Bhagavad-Gita?
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What does 'Silk Road' refer to?
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What was the Mauryan Empire known for?
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What did the Indian Ocean Maritime System represent?
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What are Trans-Saharan Caravan Routes?
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What does the term 'Bantu' refer to?
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Where is Mecca located?
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Who is Muhammad?
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What is a Muslim?
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What is a caliphate?
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What is the Quran?
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What distinguishes Shi'ites from Sunnis?
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What distinguishes Sunnis in Islam?
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What are the Five Pillars of Islam?
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Who was Charlemagne?
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What does 'medieval' refer to?
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What was the Byzantine Empire?
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What is a schism?
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What is a manor?
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What is a serf?
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What is a vassal?
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What does the papacy refer to?
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What was the Holy Roman Empire?
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What was the Investiture Controversy?
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What were the Crusades?
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What was the Tang Empire?
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What is the Grand Canal?
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What is the Bubonic Plague commonly known as?
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What was significant about the Song Empire?
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What is a junk?
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Who were the Fujiwara?
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What is the Kamakura Shogunate?
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What are chinampas?
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What does 'Maya' refer to?
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What is civilization?
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What are foragers?
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What is cuneiform?
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What is history?
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What is a city-state?
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Material _____ refers to physical objects such as dwellings, clothing, tools, and crafts.
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When did the Agricultural Revolution occur?
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What is the Paleolithic period?
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What is the Neolithic period known for?
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What is Mohenjo-Daro?
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Name the four river valleys where civilization began.
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What are the characteristics of civilization?
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What is loess?
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What is Daoism?
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What is Legalism?
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Who was Confucius?
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What is the Mandate of Heaven?
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What was the Shang dynasty known for?
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Who were the Hittites?
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Who was Hatshepsut?
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Who was Akhenaten?
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Who was Ramesses II?
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What is the significance of Minoan civilization?
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What is the Library at Ashurbanipal?
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Who were the Assyrians?
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Who were the Hebrews?
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What is the Torah?
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Who was Solomon?
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What is monotheism?
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What does Diaspora mean?
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Who were the Phoenicians?
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Who were the Olmecs?
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What is a satrap?
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What is Zoroastrianism?
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What is a polis?
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What is a hoplite?
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What is a tyrant in the context of ancient Greece?
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What is democracy?
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Who was Herodotus?
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Who was Pericles?
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What was the Peloponnesian War?
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Who was Socrates?
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Who was Plato?
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Who was Alexander the Great?
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What is the Hellenistic Age?
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What is the Roman Republic?
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Who was Augustus/Octavian?
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What does Pax Romana mean?
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What is Romanization?
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Who was Jesus?
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What is the Third-Century Crisis?
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Study Notes
Civilization
- Denotes complex societies or any group sharing cultural traits; often ambiguous in meaning.
Foragers
- Individuals who obtain sustenance through hunting and gathering.
Cuneiform
- An ancient Mesopotamian writing system using wedge-shaped symbols.
- Initially represented Sumerian and Akkadian languages before adapting to others.
- Literacy was limited to a small number of trained scribes and administrators.
History
- The study of past events and transformations in cultural practices across time.
City-State
- An independent state structure consisting of an urban area and its agricultural territory.
- Prominent in ancient Mesopotamia, Greece, and Phoenicia.
Culture
- Involves socially transmitted patterns of actions and expressions.
- Material culture encompasses physical objects, while broader culture includes beliefs, arts, and knowledge.
Agricultural Revolution
- Transition from gathering to producing food that took place between 8000 and 2000 B.C.E.
- Involved the domestication of plants and animals across various regions worldwide.
Paleolithic
- The earliest phase of the Stone Age, preceding the Neolithic era, marked by human evolution.
Neolithic
- Refers to the later phase of the Stone Age, characterized by the advent of agriculture.
Mohenjo-Daro
- Major city of the Indus Valley civilization in present-day Pakistan.
- Known for advanced urban planning, although little is understood about its political structure.
River Valleys of Civilization
- Early civilizations arose in four key river valleys: Mesopotamia, Egypt, Pakistan, and northern China.
Characteristics of Civilization
- Include urban centers, defined territorial political systems, social specialization, wealth-based status, monumental architecture, writing systems, trade networks, and advancements in both art and science.
Loess
- Fertile silt from wind and water in the Yellow River Valley, facilitating easy agriculture but prone to natural disasters.
Daoism
- Philosophy arising during the Warring States Period emphasizing harmony with nature and skepticism towards absolute morality.
Legalism
- Authoritarian philosophy that views human nature as inherently wicked, necessitating strict laws and harsh punishments for order.
Confucius
- Influential Chinese philosopher whose ideas centered on duty and public service, shaping Chinese governance practices.
Mandate of Heaven
- Ideology from the Zhou dynasty asserting that rulers governed due to heaven's approval, which could be withdrawn for unjust governance.
Shang Dynasty
- The first documented Chinese dynasty (ca. 1750-1045 B.C.E.), notable for ancestor worship, bronze rituals, and oracle bone divination.
Hittites
- A central Anatolian people who built a powerful empire through trade and military strength during the late Bronze Age.
Hatshepsut
- Female pharaoh of Egypt who notably traded with Punt and faced opposition as a woman ruler.
Akhenaten
- Pharaoh known for promoting worship of the sun-disk and creating a new capital at Amarna.
Ramesses II
- Last great pharaoh of Egypt known for military achievements and extensive construction projects.
Minoan Civilization
- Early Aegean society on Crete renowned for trade and cultural influence on ancient Greece.
Mycenae
- Site of a fortified palace complex central to the Late Bronze Age Greek kingdom.
Library at Ashurbanipal
- Extensive collection of Mesopotamian writings, indicating the region's literary richness and scholarly pursuits.
Assyrians
- A militaristic people known for their effective governance and extensive libraries, such as Ashurbanipal's in Ninevah.
Hebrews
- Nomadic herders who formed an agricultural civilization and developed a significant monotheistic religion.
Torah/Hebrew Bible
- Sacred texts detailing Israelite origins and beliefs, primarily compiled by priestly class members.
Solomon
- King who intensified Israelite power and political structures, built the First Temple in Jerusalem.
Monotheism
- Belief in one god, exemplified by early Israelite practices and later adopted by Christianity and Islam.
Diaspora
- Term denoting the spread of ethnic communities, notably Jewish communities outside their homeland.
Phoenicians
- Maritime traders from modern Lebanon, known for extensive commerce and founding colonies like Carthage.
Olmecs
- The first significant Mesoamerican civilization that influenced subsequent societies through trade and cultural practices.
Satrap
- Provincial governor in the Achaemenid Empire, responsible for local administration and tribute.
Zoroastrianism
- Ancient Persian religion centered on the dualism of Ahuramazda and demonic forces, promoting ethical living.
Polis
- Greek city-state, marking the primary form of political organization in ancient Greece.
Hoplite
- Heavily armed infantry in ancient Greece, known for fighting in a phalanx formation.
Tyrant
- A Greek term for leaders who acquired power unconstitutionally, often fostering early democratic principles.
Democracy
- Government system ensuring equal rights and legal protections for all citizens, notably in Athens.
Herodotus
- Ancient historian known as the 'Father of History', chronicled Greek-Persian conflicts.
Pericles
- Athenian leader who advanced democracy and oversaw monumental building projects.
Peloponnesian War
- A prolonged conflict between Athens and Sparta, driven by imperial ambitions and resulting in Spartan victory.
Socrates
- Philosopher who emphasized ethics, ultimately facing trial for his teachings, which were perceived as subversive.
Plato
- Socrates' student who prioritized reason and established the Academy, emphasizing philosophical governance.
Alexander the Great
- Conqueror who expanded Macedonian influence over Persia and spread Greek culture through his empire.
Hellenistic Age
- A historical period (323-30 B.C.E.) marked by the fusion of Greek culture across a vast expanse following Alexander's conquests.
Roman Republic
- The period between 507-31 B.C.E. characterized by governance through the Senate rather than a monarchy.
Augustus/Octavian
- The first Roman Emperor, recognized for establishing stability and prosperity during his reign.
Pax Romana
- Term denoting the peace and prosperity during the first two centuries of Roman rule.
Romanization
- The cultural assimilation process in Roman provinces which conferred political and economic advantages.
Jesus
- Central figure of Christianity who advocated reformed Jewish teachings and was executed by Roman authorities.
Third-Century Crisis
- A tumultuous period for the Roman Empire marked by political instability, invasions, and economic decline.
Constantine
- Roman emperor who reunified the empire and promoted Christianity, relocating the capital to Constantinople.
Shi Huangdi
- First emperor of the Qin dynasty, known for unification of China and significant state reforms.
Han
- Refers to both the ethnic majority in China and the dynasty that ruled from 206 B.C.E. to 220 C.E.
Gentry
- A class of educated and prosperous families in China that served as officials, improving administrative efficiency.
Monsoon
- Seasonal winds critical to agriculture in South Asia, enabling multiple seasonal harvests.
Varna
- Four main social classes in ancient India, with numerous sub-groups known as jati that influenced societal interactions.
Buddha
- Siddhartha Gautama, who attained enlightenment and founded Buddhism, promoting a path toward spiritual awakening.### Buddhism
- Theravada: Known as "Way of the Elders," this branch is prevalent in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia, emphasizing individual enlightenment and austerity while minimizing the role of gods.
- Mahayana: Known as "Great Vehicle," this branch is present in China, Japan, and Central Asia, focusing on the reverence for the Buddha and bodhisattvas, who delay nirvana to assist others.
Indian Empires
- Gupta Empire: Flourished from 320 to 550 C.E. with capital in Pataliputra. This powerful state unified most of the Indian subcontinent through military strength and a rich cultural hub.
- Mauryan Empire: Established in 324 B.C.E. by Chandra Gupta Maurya, it was the first to unify the Indian subcontinent, thriving on taxes and trade until 184 B.C.E.
Cultural Concepts
- Theater-State: A term for states that achieve power via cultural displays and public ceremonies, exemplified by the Gupta Empire and Srivijaya.
- Hinduism: Encompasses a variety of beliefs and practices rooted in Vedic and South Indian traditions, spreading along trade routes to Southeast Asia.
Influential Figures
- Ashoka: Mauryan Empire's third ruler (273-232 B.C.E.) who converted to Buddhism and promoted his teachings through inscribed edicts on stones and pillars.
- Bhagavad-Gita: A sacred literary dialogue addressing duty and spiritual fate, integral to Indian philosophy and literature.
- Mahabharata: An epic narrative detailing a significant battle between kinship groups, also containing the Bhagavad-Gita.
Trade Networks
- Silk Road: A key caravan route linking China with the Middle East, facilitating trade across Central Asia and Iran.
- Indian Ocean Maritime System: An extensive network of trade routes and ports connecting various nations around the Indian Ocean, from Africa to Indonesia.
- Trans-Saharan Caravan Routes: A trading network connecting North Africa with sub-Saharan regions across the Sahara Desert.
Islamic Concepts
- Mecca: The birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, serving as the central ritual hub of Islam.
- Muhammad: The founder of Islam, regarded as the last prophet in the faith.
- Muslim: An individual who adheres to Islam, signifying submission to God.
Islamic Leadership
- Caliphate: The political and religious office succeeding Muhammad, governing the Islamic empire.
- Shi'ites (Shi'a): A branch of Islam advocating for leadership through Muhammad's descendants, predominantly in Iran.
- Sunnis: The majority branch of Islam, believing in community-elected leadership.
Islamic Practice
- Five Pillars of Islam: Fundamental practices including the testimony of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, almsgiving, and pilgrimage to Mecca.
Medieval Historical Figures
- Charlemagne: King of the Franks who created a significant empire in Western Europe and supported an intellectual revival despite being illiterate.
- Byzantine Empire: The Eastern Roman Empire, continuing until 1453, recognized for its cultural and political influence.
Medieval Society
- Manor: A self-sufficient estate in medieval Europe comprising the lord’s residence, peasant village, and farmlands.
- Serf: A laborer bound to a lord's property, obligated to perform specific duties, with some later working as artisans.
- Vassal: A sworn supporter in medieval Europe committed to military service to a lord.
Religious Administration
- Papacy: The central governing body of the Roman Catholic Church, led by the pope.
- Holy Roman Empire: A loose federation of mostly German territories headed by an elected emperor, existing from 962 to 1806.
Conflicts and Crusades
- Investiture Controversy: A significant conflict regarding authority between popes and Holy Roman Emperors over bishops.
- Crusades: Religious military campaigns aimed at reclaiming Jerusalem from Muslim control, which ended Western Europe's intellectual isolation.
Chinese Dynasties
- Tang Empire: Unified China and part of Central Asia (618-907), noted for its cultural and political grandeur.
- Grand Canal: A key waterway constructed to link the Yellow and Yangzi Rivers, vital for trade and transport.
Significant Epidemics
- Bubonic Plague: A devastating disease with a high mortality rate that caused major population declines during outbreaks in the 14th century.
Technological Advancements
- Song Dynasty: Noted for significant achievements in technology, medicine, and astronomy, including the invention of mechanical clocks and gunpowder weapons.
- Junk: A type of flat-bottomed ship from the Tang, Ming, and Song Empires designed for long-distance commerce.
Japanese History
- Fujiwara: An aristocratic family that exercised significant influence over the Japanese imperial court from the ninth to twelfth centuries.
- Kamakura Shogunate: The first shogunate of Japan, marking the beginning of military government rule.
Agricultural Techniques
- Chinampas: Raised fields in Mesoamerica constructed along lakes, enhancing agricultural productivity.
Ancient Civilizations
- Maya: A significant Mesoamerican civilization noted for advancements in mathematics, astronomy, and calendar development, spread across the Yucatán Peninsula without unifying into a single empire.
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Prepare for your AP World History exam with these study guide flashcards. This quiz covers essential terms and definitions, including concepts like civilization, foragers, and cuneiform. Review and solidify your understanding of important historical language to excel on the exam.