AP World History Chapter 29 Terms

Zionism and Jewish Movements

• Zionism emerged in the 1860s and 1870s as a European Jewish movement advocating for the return to the Jewish homeland, mainly Palestine.
• The World Zionist Organization, established by Theodor Herzl in 1897, aimed to facilitate Jewish migration to Palestine for the establishment of a Jewish state.

World War I Impact

• The Western Front, a critical battle line in WWI, extended from Belgium to Switzerland and was marked by trench warfare and staggering casualties.
• Sarajevo, the Bosnian provincial capital, was the site of Archduke Ferdinand's assassination in 1914, triggering the onset of WWI.
• The Eastern Front was a broader war zone, spanning from the Baltic to the Balkans, where the Central Powers and Russia battled.

Nationalist Movements in the Middle East

• The Wafd Party was established post-WWI in Egypt, led by Sa'd Zaghul, and played a key role in negotiations that secured limited independence in 1922.
• The Rowlatt Act enforced severe restrictions on Indian civil rights, counteracting the efforts of the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms aimed at expanding Indian legislative representation.

African and Pan-African Movements

• Prominent figures like Garvey and Du Bois significantly influenced the rise of African nationalism.
• The Negritude movement among African-Americans and Africans aimed to celebrate African culture and achievements, responding to negative stereotypes.
• The Pan-Africa organization united intellectuals and political leaders of African descent, fostering discussions on identity and independence pre- and post-WWI.

Key Figures and Concepts in Nationalism

• Mahatma Gandhi, a Western-educated Indian lawyer, pioneered nonviolent resistance against British rule, emphasizing moral integrity in the independence movement.
• Self-determination refers to the right of peoples to decide their political status and pursue their economic, social, and cultural development.
• The term "mandate" was used to describe the European powers' governance of former colonial territories after their victory in WWI.

Reforms and Repression

• The Morley-Minto Reforms expanded electoral opportunities for Indians, allowing increased participation in legislative councils.
• The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms aimed to enhance national powers in India by placing provincial administration under Indian-controlled ministries.
• The Dinshawai Incident in 1906 illustrated rising nationalist sentiment in Egypt, resulting from British repression following an altercation with local villagers.

International Relations and the Aftermath of WWI

• The League of Nations, founded post-WWI, aimed to maintain global peace but notably excluded the United States from membership.
• Clemenceau, the French Premier, sought to impose severe conditions on Germany in the post-war peace negotiations.

Additional Notable Figures

• Lord Cromer served as a British advisor to Egypt, implementing reforms that primarily benefitted the elite and foreign merchants, neglecting the broader Egyptian populace.
• Tsar Nicholas II of Russia was executed in 1918, marking the end of royal rule during the Russian Revolution.
• Pinsker, a prominent Zionist, believed that Jewish integration into Christian societies was unattainable and promoted Jewish resettlement in their historical homeland.