AP U.S. History Investigation Guide - Period 1

The practice of viewing all Native American tribes as a single, homogenous group, overlooking their vast cultural diversity.

The use of the Navajo language by the U.S. military during World War II to encrypt messages, demonstrating its effectiveness and the importance of cultural diversity.

Varying ways of life, from nomadic hunting to settled agriculture, among Native American tribes.

Traditional homes built by Native American tribes, reflecting their diverse cultures and environments.

Tall, carved wooden poles used by tribes in the Pacific Northwest to represent family history and ward off evil spirits.

The system of governance among the Iroquois, where women held significant power in selecting leaders.

The practice of using consensus to make decisions, commonly practiced by Algonkian tribes, where leaders aimed for agreement among the people.

A powerful and feared Native American tribe, known for their nomadic lifestyle and hunting skills.

A group of Native American tribes who spoke related dialects of the Algonquin language.

The practice of using canoes to travel through inland waterways.

Weapons used for hunting and fishing by Algonquian tribes.

Important crops cultivated by Algonquian tribes along the eastern seaboard.

The leader of the Wampanoag tribe who fought with Puritan settlers over land.

A confederacy of Native American tribes in Virginia, led by Powhatan.

The marriage of Pocahontas to John Rolfe, a significant event in early colonial history.

A group of five Native American tribes known for their strong political and military organization.

The period in European history marked by a renewed interest in classical learning and art, leading to advancements in science and technology.

A crucial invention of the 15th century that facilitated the spread of knowledge and ideas across Europe.

A religious movement that challenged the authority of the Pope in Rome, leading to a period of conflict between Catholics and Protestants.

The rulers of Spain who funded Christopher Columbus's voyages, ushering in a new era of exploration and colonization.

The last Moorish stronghold in Spain, conquered by Isabella and Ferdinand in 1492.

Technological advancements that enabled the exploration of the Atlantic Ocean in the late 15th century.

The rediscovery of classical learning and art during the Renaissance, leading to a burst of scientific and artistic activity.

The adoption and improvement of existing technologies like gunpowder and the compass, leading to advancements in exploration and warfare.

The belief that spreading Christianity to new lands was a valid reason for exploring and colonizing them.

A fierce competition among European kingdoms to increase trade with Africa, India, and China.

The Ottoman Turks seized control of Constantinople, blocking the traditional overland route to Asia, forcing European nations to seek alternative sea routes

The Portuguese Prince Henry the Navigator sponsored expeditions to find a sea route around Africa to Asia, aiming to reach India, China, and the Spice Islands.

The first European to reach India by sea, sailing around Africa's Cape of Good Hope in 1498.

Christopher Columbus believed he could find a shorter route to Asia by sailing West, mistaking the Americas for the eastern edge of Asia.

European nations traded slaves from West Africa to work on plantations in the Madeira and Azores islands, and later in the Americas.

Enslaved Africans endured harsh conditions and constantly resisted slavery in any way they could, including escape, sabotage, and revolts.

A system where Spain paid a tax to its king for each enslaved person brought from West Africa to the Americas.

The first permanent English settlement in the New World, established in 1607.

A failed English colony established in 1585 on Roanoke Island, where all settlers mysteriously vanished.

A Native American leader and chief who was killed by English colonists in 1586, leading to further tensions.

The first English child born in the New World.

A word found carved on a tree at Roanoke, possibly indicating the fate of the lost colonists.

Governor John White, who returned to Roanoke three years after leaving, only to find his colony vanished.

The Spanish were the most powerful European nation in the 16th century, dominating New World exploration.

Native Americans residing in the Southwest, known for their multi-story, apartment-like structures made of adobe and mud, called pueblos.

These communities were advanced and complex, but environmental challenges in the 13th and 14th centuries forced them to disperse, weakening them at the time of European contact.

Native Americans of the Pacific Northwest known for their high level of economic development and social stratification.

A large group of Native Americans inhabiting the Great Basin, known for their adaptability to desert conditions.

The largest group of native tribes on the Great Plains, including the Sioux, Blackfoot, Arapaho, and Cheyenne.

These tribes adapted significantly after the introduction of horses by Europeans, changing their hunting and nomadic lifeways.

They used consensus-based decision making, aiming for agreement among the people, and depended heavily on canoe travel for transportation.