Questions and Answers
What is the outer region of the kidney?
Renal Cortex
What is the inner region of the kidney?
Renal Medulla
What are cone-shaped sections in the kidney's interior called?
Renal pyramids
What structures divide the interior of the kidney into cone-shaped sections?
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What structure becomes the ureter?
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What structures converge to form the renal pelvis?
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What is the slit on the concave side of the kidney called?
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Where is the kidney located?
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What is the filtration unit of the kidney?
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What is the purpose of the adipose tissue surrounding the kidneys?
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Where are the nephrons of the kidney located?
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What is the function of the peritubular capillaries?
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What is the function of Bowman's capsule?
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What is the renal tubule?
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Describe the flow of filtrate as it leaves Bowman's capsule.
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Urine is formed from what substance?
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What factor drives filtration in the glomerulus?
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What is the most likely cause of the presence of protein in urine?
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A decline in blood pressure causes juxtaglomerular cells to secrete?
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Aldosterone causes an increase or decrease of urine output?
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Most of the water, electrolytes, and nutrients are reabsorbed in the?
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Which portion of the kidneys plays a role in acid-base balance?
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Decreased levels of _____________ triggers the secretion of aldosterone.
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What occurs in the descending limb of the loop of Henle?
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Which structural characteristic of the proximal convoluted tubule enhances its role in tubular reabsorption?
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How much of the fluid filtered by both kidneys is reabsorbed by the body?
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How does high blood pressure damage kidneys?
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What are NOT the effects of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?
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What is normally found in urine?
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Where is the micturition center located?
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Study Notes
Kidney Structure and Regions
- Renal Cortex: The outer area of the kidney where the nephrons are located.
- Renal Medulla: The inner part of the kidney, consisting of renal pyramids and renal columns.
- Renal Pyramids: Cone-shaped structures within the renal medulla that play a role in urine formation.
- Renal Columns: Extensions of the renal cortex that separate the renal pyramids.
- Renal Pelvis: Central collecting region that funnels urine into the ureter.
- Major Calyx: Structures that converge to form the renal pelvis, collecting urine from the renal pyramids.
- Hilum: Entry and exit point on the kidney's concave side for blood vessels, ureter, and nerves.
Kidney Location and Protection
- Kidneys are located on the posterior abdominal wall, beneath the twelfth rib.
- Adipose tissue surrounds the kidneys, providing cushioning and protection.
Nephrons and Filtration
- Nephron: The kidney's functional unit responsible for filtering blood and forming urine.
- Nephrons reside in the outer region of the kidney.
- Filtration in the glomerulus occurs due to a pressure gradient.
- Bowman's Capsule: Captures filtered fluid from the glomerulus and channels it into the proximal tubule.
- Renal Tubule: Series of tube-like structures conducting filtrate away from the glomerulus.
Urine Formation Process
- Urine is primarily formed from blood plasma.
- Flow of filtrate: Begins in Bowman's capsule, moves to the proximal tubule.
- Peritubular capillaries play a key role in reabsorbing water and solutes processed by renal tubules.
- 99% of filtered fluid is reabsorbed by the kidneys.
Hormonal Regulation and Urine Output
- Juxtaglomerular cells release renin in response to low blood pressure.
- Aldosterone: Hormone that decreases urine output by promoting sodium and water retention.
- A decrease in sodium levels triggers aldosterone secretion.
Renal Tubule Functionality
- Most electrolytes, water, and nutrients are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubules via active transport and via microvilli to enhance absorption efficiency.
- The distal convoluted tubule is crucial for acid-base balance.
- In the descending limb of the loop of Henle, water is reabsorbed through diffusion.
Effects of Blood Pressure on Kidneys
- High blood pressure can damage kidneys by increasing glomerular pressure, risking capillary rupture and scarring.
Urinary Composition and Regulation
- Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) does not increase blood pressure.
- Normal urine composition: Glucose and other metabolites found under typical conditions.
- Micturition center is located in the pons, responsible for regulating urination.
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Description
Study the key terms and definitions related to the urinary system in Chapter 18 of Anatomy & Physiology. This quiz includes important components like the renal cortex, renal medulla, and other vital structures of the kidney. Enhance your understanding and retention of the material with these flashcards.