AP Statistics Chapter 9 Vocabulary Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What is a Significance Test?

A method for predicting outcomes

A procedure for collecting data

An informal analysis of data

A formal procedure for comparing observed data with a claim (correct)

What is the Null Hypothesis?

Claim tested by a statistical test

What does the Alternative Hypothesis claim?

Claim about the population that we are trying to find evidence for

A One-Sided Alternative hypothesis states that a parameter is larger than the null hypothesis value.

True Signup and view all the answers

A Two-Sided Alternative hypothesis is applicable when the parameter is claimed to be either larger or smaller than the null hypothesis value.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is a p-value?

Probability that statistic would take a value as extreme as or more extreme than the one actually observed Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance level?

Probability of rejecting the null hypothesis in a statistical test Signup and view all the answers

What is a One-Sample Z Test?

Choose an SRS of size n from a large population that contains an unknown proportion p of successes Signup and view all the answers

What does the Test Statistic measure?

How far a sample statistic diverges from what we would expect if the null hypothesis were true Signup and view all the answers

What is the One Sample T Test used for?

Test using sample mean to see if it suggests that it came from a population or a different population Signup and view all the answers

What is Paired Data?

Study design that involves making two observations on the same individual Signup and view all the answers

What is the Four-Step Process in statistical testing?

State, plan, do, conclude Signup and view all the answers

A result is statistically significant if the p-value is greater than the significance level.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is a Type I Error?

Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true Signup and view all the answers

What is a Type II Error?

Failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is false Signup and view all the answers

What does 'Power' represent in statistical testing?

Probability the test will reject Ho at a chosen significance level when the specified alternative value is true Signup and view all the answers

What are Degrees of Freedom?

Number of independent observations in a sample minus the number of population parameters that must be estimated Signup and view all the answers

What is a T-Distribution?

Theoretical probability distribution Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Statistical Tests and Hypotheses

A Significance Test compares observed data against a claim or hypothesis.
The Null Hypothesis represents a claim that is being tested statistically.
Alternative Hypotheses support claims about the population, seeking evidence against the null.

Types of Alternatives

One-Sided Alternative indicates a parameter is either larger or smaller than the null hypothesis value.
Two-Sided Alternative suggests a parameter is different (either larger or smaller) from the null hypothesis value.

p-values and Significance

A p-value measures the probability of obtaining a statistic as extreme as observed, under the null hypothesis.
Statistical significance occurs when the p-value is less than the chosen significance level (α).

Test Types

A One-Sample Z Test utilizes a simple random sample (SRS) from a large population with an unknown proportion of successes.
A One Sample T Test assesses whether a sample’s mean suggests it originates from a specific population or a different one.
Paired Data analysis involves obtaining two observations from either the same individual or from two similar individuals.

Error Types

A Type I Error happens when the null hypothesis (H0) is rejected when it is actually true.
A Type II Error occurs when failing to reject H0 when it is false.

Test Performance and Design

The power of a test evaluates the probability of rejecting H0 at significance level α when a specified alternative is true.
Degrees of Freedom is calculated as the number of independent observations minus the number of parameters estimated from the sample.

Distributions and Procedures

The T-Distribution is a theoretical probability distribution used in hypothesis testing.
Paired T Procedures involve statistical methods applied to paired samples for comparative analysis.

Significance Level and Testing

The Significance Level reflects the probability of falsely rejecting the null hypothesis in a statistical test.
The Four-Step Process for significance testing includes stating the hypotheses, planning the test, conducting it, and concluding the results.

General Concepts

Statistically significant results provide evidence against the null hypothesis, helping in decision-making based on sample data.

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Description

Test your knowledge of key vocabulary from Chapter 9 of AP Statistics. This set of flashcards covers essential terms such as significance test, null hypothesis, and alternative hypotheses, helping you to understand statistical concepts effectively. Use these flashcards to prepare for your exams or reinforce your learning.