AP Psychology Unit 9 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is a cross-sectional study?

Research using different groups of people differing in the variable of interest. (correct)

A type of observational study without any intervention.

Research involving the same people studied over time.

A study that focuses solely on qualitative data.

What does a cohort study investigate?

The causes of disease, establishing links between risk factors and health outcomes.

Define a longitudinal study.

Research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period.

What is a biographical study?

Life history writing with allegiance to social science research traditions. Signup and view all the answers

What is prenatal development?

The development of a fetus during pregnancy. Signup and view all the answers

What is an embryo?

The early stage of development of a multicellular diploid eukaryotic organism. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the placenta?

To feed the baby and nourish it. Signup and view all the answers

What are teratogens?

Agents that can reach the embryo and fetus during prenatal development and cause harm. Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the critical period?

A specific period of development that is pivotal for particular skills or traits. Signup and view all the answers

Define Fetal Alcohol Syndrome.

A condition resulting from alcohol exposure during pregnancy. Signup and view all the answers

What is the rooting reflex?

A baby's tendency to open the mouth and search for the nipple when touched on the cheek. Signup and view all the answers

What does the sucking reflex entail?

A baby sucking on anything placed in its mouth. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the swallowing reflex.

Initiated by touch receptors in the pharynx when food is pushed back by the tongue. Signup and view all the answers

What is the stepping reflex?

A baby displaying walking movements at birth. Signup and view all the answers

What is temperament?

An individual's characteristic mood and behavior style. Signup and view all the answers

What are developmental norms?

Expectations of typical development progress at various ages. Signup and view all the answers

What is babbling in infants?

The production of meaningless vowel and consonant combinations. Signup and view all the answers

Define holophrases.

Single words that represent complex ideas. Signup and view all the answers

What is imprinting?

A form of rapid learning occurring during a critical period. Signup and view all the answers

What is attachment?

The emotional bond between a child and caregiver. Signup and view all the answers

What does autonomy mean in child development?

The ability to make independent choices and decisions. Signup and view all the answers

What is socialization?

The process of learning social norms and values. Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of authoritarian parenting?

High demands and low responsiveness. Signup and view all the answers

What defines permissive-indifferent parenting?

Low responsiveness and low demands. Signup and view all the answers

What are the traits of permissive-indulgent parenting?

High responsiveness and low demands. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes authoritative parenting?

High responsiveness and high demands. Signup and view all the answers

What is solitary play?

Play where a child plays alone without interaction. Signup and view all the answers

What is cooperative play?

Play involving interaction and collaboration with peers. Signup and view all the answers

What is parallel play?

Play where children play alongside each other without direct interaction. Signup and view all the answers

Define gender identity.

Our sense of being male or female. Signup and view all the answers

What is gender constancy?

An understanding that gender is stable and consistent over time. Signup and view all the answers

What is the imaginary audience?

The belief that others are as focused on oneself as one is. Signup and view all the answers

What is a personal fable?

The belief in one's uniqueness and invulnerability. Signup and view all the answers

What is identity formation?

The process of developing a distinct sense of self. Signup and view all the answers

What is an identity crisis?

A period of uncertainty and confusion in which a person's sense of self is challenged. Signup and view all the answers

What are Kübler-Ross's stages of dying?

Denial, anger, bargaining, depression. Signup and view all the answers

What is developmental psychology?

The scientific study of how and why human beings change over the course of their life. Signup and view all the answers

What is Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

A theory that describes how children's thinking evolves in stages. Signup and view all the answers

What are Kohlberg's stages of moral development?

The six stages of moral development grouped into three levels: pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional. Signup and view all the answers

What is the language acquisition device?

A hypothetical module in the human mind responsible for language acquisition. Signup and view all the answers

Who is Mary Ainsworth?

An American-Canadian developmental psychologist known for her work in attachment theory. Signup and view all the answers

Who is Albert Bandura?

A psychologist known for social learning theory. Signup and view all the answers

Who is Diana Baumrind?

A clinical and developmental psychologist recognized for her research on parenting styles. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Research Methods in Psychology

Cross-sectional study: Involves different groups differing in specific variables (e.g., age, health status) but sharing characteristics like socioeconomic status and ethnicity.
Cohort: A group followed or studied over time to investigate disease causes and links between risk factors and health outcomes.
Longitudinal study: Research method where the same subjects are studied at multiple points over time to observe changes or developments.
Biographical study: Focused on individuals’ life histories, incorporating elements of oral history and narrative discourse, grounded in sociology and psychology.

Prenatal Development

Embryo: An early developmental stage of a multicellular diploid organism.
Placenta: An organ that nourishes and supports the developing fetus by facilitating nutrient and gas exchange.
Teratogens: Harmful agents like chemicals and viruses that may impact the embryo and fetus during crucial stages of prenatal development.
Critical period: Specific time frames in development when exposure to certain stimuli has the most significant impact.

Reflexes in Infancy

Rooting reflex: When a baby's cheek is touched, they instinctively turn toward the stimulus, seeking nourishment.
Sucking reflex: The instinctual reaction of infants to suck when something is placed in their mouth.
Swallowing reflex: Triggered by touch receptors in the pharynx, helping infants safely ingest food.
Stepping reflex: Infants display walking movements when held upright, suggesting innate walking abilities.

Child Development Concepts

Temperament: Refers to the individual differences in emotional reactions and self-regulation; includes four types: easy, difficult, slow-to-warm-up, and mixed.
Developmental norms: Expected developmental milestones that children typically reach at various ages.
Babbling: Early stage of language development where infants produce repetitive consonant-vowel combinations.
Holophrases: Single-word expressions that convey complex meanings, common in early language development.
Imprinting: A critical learning process occurring in early life, where infants form attachments to their caregivers.

Attachment: Emotional bond formed between a child and their caregiver, influencing future relationships and emotional health.
Autonomy: The sense of independence and self-governance that develops in children as they grow.
Socialization: The lifelong process through which individuals learn and internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of their culture.

Parenting Styles

Authoritarian: Parenting style characterized by high demands and low responsiveness, often leading to obedience.
Permissive-indifferent: Uninvolved parenting style offering little guidance or attention to the child's needs.
Permissive-indulgent: Warm but lenient parenting style, allowing considerable freedom with few boundaries.
Authoritative: Balanced parenting style combining high expectations with support and responsiveness, promoting independence.

Play and Gender Development

Solitary play: Play where children engage independently, focusing on their own activities without interaction with others.
Cooperative play: Children play together, sharing resources and collaborating on activities.
Parallel play: Children play alongside each other while engaging in separate activities, showcasing social development.
Gender identity: An individual's personal sense of their gender, whether male, female, or other.
Gender constancy: Recognition that gender remains stable over time and is not altered by changes in activities or appearances.

Psychological Theories and Concepts

Imaginary audience: A cognitive distortion in adolescents where they believe they are the focus of everyone’s attention.
Personal fable: A belief common in adolescents that their experiences are unique and cannot be understood by others.
Identity formation: The process by which individuals develop a sense of self and their place in the world.
Identity crisis: A period of uncertainty and confusion in which a person's sense of self is challenged.
Kubler-Ross's stages of dying: Provide a framework for understanding the emotional responses to impending death: denial, anger, bargaining, and depression.

Developmental Psychology

Developmental psychology: Scientific study of human growth and changes across the lifespan, exploring physical, cognitive, and social development.

Notable Theorists and Concepts

Piaget's theory of cognitive development: Framework explaining how children learn and develop intellectual capabilities at various life stages.
Kohlberg's theory of moral development: Outlines six stages of moral reasoning grouped into three levels: pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional.
Language acquisition device: Hypothetical construct suggesting humans are innately equipped to acquire language.
Mary Ainsworth: A developmental psychologist known for her work on attachment theory.
Albert Bandura: Psychologist recognized for his contributions to social learning theory and observational learning.
Diana Baumrind: Noted for her research on parenting styles and methodologies in psychological research.

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Dive into the key concepts of Unit 9 in AP Psychology with these flashcards. Explore terms like cross-sectional study and cohort, enhancing your understanding of research methods in psychology. Perfect for revision and preparation for exams.