Questions and Answers
What is a cross-sectional study?
What does a cohort study investigate?
The causes of disease, establishing links between risk factors and health outcomes.
Define a longitudinal study.
Research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period.
What is a biographical study?
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What is prenatal development?
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What is an embryo?
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What is the function of the placenta?
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What are teratogens?
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What is meant by the critical period?
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Define Fetal Alcohol Syndrome.
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What is the rooting reflex?
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What does the sucking reflex entail?
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Describe the swallowing reflex.
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What is the stepping reflex?
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What is temperament?
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What are developmental norms?
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What is babbling in infants?
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Define holophrases.
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What is imprinting?
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What is attachment?
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What does autonomy mean in child development?
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What is socialization?
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What are the characteristics of authoritarian parenting?
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What defines permissive-indifferent parenting?
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What are the traits of permissive-indulgent parenting?
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What characterizes authoritative parenting?
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What is solitary play?
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What is cooperative play?
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What is parallel play?
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Define gender identity.
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What is gender constancy?
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What is the imaginary audience?
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What is a personal fable?
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What is identity formation?
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What is an identity crisis?
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What are Kübler-Ross's stages of dying?
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What is developmental psychology?
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What is Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
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What are Kohlberg's stages of moral development?
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What is the language acquisition device?
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Who is Mary Ainsworth?
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Who is Albert Bandura?
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Who is Diana Baumrind?
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Study Notes
Research Methods in Psychology
- Cross-sectional study: Involves different groups differing in specific variables (e.g., age, health status) but sharing characteristics like socioeconomic status and ethnicity.
- Cohort: A group followed or studied over time to investigate disease causes and links between risk factors and health outcomes.
- Longitudinal study: Research method where the same subjects are studied at multiple points over time to observe changes or developments.
- Biographical study: Focused on individuals’ life histories, incorporating elements of oral history and narrative discourse, grounded in sociology and psychology.
Prenatal Development
- Embryo: An early developmental stage of a multicellular diploid organism.
- Placenta: An organ that nourishes and supports the developing fetus by facilitating nutrient and gas exchange.
- Teratogens: Harmful agents like chemicals and viruses that may impact the embryo and fetus during crucial stages of prenatal development.
- Critical period: Specific time frames in development when exposure to certain stimuli has the most significant impact.
Reflexes in Infancy
- Rooting reflex: When a baby's cheek is touched, they instinctively turn toward the stimulus, seeking nourishment.
- Sucking reflex: The instinctual reaction of infants to suck when something is placed in their mouth.
- Swallowing reflex: Triggered by touch receptors in the pharynx, helping infants safely ingest food.
- Stepping reflex: Infants display walking movements when held upright, suggesting innate walking abilities.
Child Development Concepts
- Temperament: Refers to the individual differences in emotional reactions and self-regulation; includes four types: easy, difficult, slow-to-warm-up, and mixed.
- Developmental norms: Expected developmental milestones that children typically reach at various ages.
- Babbling: Early stage of language development where infants produce repetitive consonant-vowel combinations.
- Holophrases: Single-word expressions that convey complex meanings, common in early language development.
- Imprinting: A critical learning process occurring in early life, where infants form attachments to their caregivers.
Attachment and Social Development
- Attachment: Emotional bond formed between a child and their caregiver, influencing future relationships and emotional health.
- Autonomy: The sense of independence and self-governance that develops in children as they grow.
- Socialization: The lifelong process through which individuals learn and internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of their culture.
Parenting Styles
- Authoritarian: Parenting style characterized by high demands and low responsiveness, often leading to obedience.
- Permissive-indifferent: Uninvolved parenting style offering little guidance or attention to the child's needs.
- Permissive-indulgent: Warm but lenient parenting style, allowing considerable freedom with few boundaries.
- Authoritative: Balanced parenting style combining high expectations with support and responsiveness, promoting independence.
Play and Gender Development
- Solitary play: Play where children engage independently, focusing on their own activities without interaction with others.
- Cooperative play: Children play together, sharing resources and collaborating on activities.
- Parallel play: Children play alongside each other while engaging in separate activities, showcasing social development.
- Gender identity: An individual's personal sense of their gender, whether male, female, or other.
- Gender constancy: Recognition that gender remains stable over time and is not altered by changes in activities or appearances.
Psychological Theories and Concepts
- Imaginary audience: A cognitive distortion in adolescents where they believe they are the focus of everyone’s attention.
- Personal fable: A belief common in adolescents that their experiences are unique and cannot be understood by others.
- Identity formation: The process by which individuals develop a sense of self and their place in the world.
- Identity crisis: A period of uncertainty and confusion in which a person's sense of self is challenged.
- Kubler-Ross's stages of dying: Provide a framework for understanding the emotional responses to impending death: denial, anger, bargaining, and depression.
Developmental Psychology
- Developmental psychology: Scientific study of human growth and changes across the lifespan, exploring physical, cognitive, and social development.
Notable Theorists and Concepts
- Piaget's theory of cognitive development: Framework explaining how children learn and develop intellectual capabilities at various life stages.
- Kohlberg's theory of moral development: Outlines six stages of moral reasoning grouped into three levels: pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional.
- Language acquisition device: Hypothetical construct suggesting humans are innately equipped to acquire language.
- Mary Ainsworth: A developmental psychologist known for her work on attachment theory.
- Albert Bandura: Psychologist recognized for his contributions to social learning theory and observational learning.
- Diana Baumrind: Noted for her research on parenting styles and methodologies in psychological research.
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Dive into the key concepts of Unit 9 in AP Psychology with these flashcards. Explore terms like cross-sectional study and cohort, enhancing your understanding of research methods in psychology. Perfect for revision and preparation for exams.