AP Psychology Scientists Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

Who established the first psychology lab in Leipzig in 1879?

  • Sigmund Freud
  • Edward Titchener
  • William James
  • Wilhelm Wundt (correct)

    • Who founded structuralism?

    Edward Titchener

    Who founded functionalism?

    William James

    What is Gestalt psychology?

    <p>Belief that psychology can only be understood as a whole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is psychoanalysis?

    <p>A theory founded by Sigmund Freud</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is classical conditioning?

    <p>A learning process studied by Ivan Pavlov</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who founded behaviorism?

    <p>John B. Watson</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What theory did B.F. Skinner create?

    <p>Operant conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What theory did Abraham Maslow develop?

    <p>Theory of self-actualization and hierarchy of needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who emphasized human potential in psychology?

    <p>Carl Rogers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happened to Phineas Gage?

    <p>He suffered a personality change after an accident</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Weber's law?

    <p>Law of just noticeable differences (jnd)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who created the gate control theory?

    <p>Melzack and Wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Eleanor Gibson study?

    <p>Visual Cliff</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Müller-Lyer illusion?

    <p>Illusion involving two straight lines with arrow-like ends</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Law of Effect?

    <p>Principle that responses followed by satisfaction will be repeated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Daniel Dennett hypothesize?

    <p>Multiple streams of consciousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who conducted studies on maze learning in rats?

    <p>Edward Tolman</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle did Wolfgang Köhler discover?

    <p>Principles of insight in problem-solving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What theory did Martin Seligman develop?

    <p>Learned helplessness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Bandura study?

    <p>Observational learning with Bobo dolls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is instinctive drift?

    <p>Principle created by Brelands regarding instinctive behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did George Sperling study?

    <p>Capacity of iconic sensory memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the digit-span test?

    <p>A measure of short-term memory capacity created by George Miller</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Robert Rescorla known for studying?

    <p>Operant conditioning and information processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Broca's area associated with?

    <p>Speech production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Wernicke's area responsible for?

    <p>Understanding and producing meaningful sentences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Elizabeth Loftus study?

    <p>Changing of memories and misinformation effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Pezdeck and Hodge conclude about false memories?

    <p>Must be plausible to be successfully implanted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Hermann Ebbinghaus discover about forgetting?

    <p>The curve of forgetting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Spearman study related to intelligence?

    <p>Created g factor and s factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _____'s 9 intelligences

    <p>Gardner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What theory did Sternberg propose about intelligence?

    <p>Triarchic theory of intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who created the first formal test of intelligence?

    <p>Alfred Binet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did William Stern create?

    <p>Formula for intelligence quotient or IQ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Early Psychology Pioneers

    • Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychology lab in Leipzig in 1879, focusing on objectivity and measurement in psychology.
    • Edward Titchener, a student of Wundt, expanded his theories and founded structuralism, emphasizing the structure of the mind.
    • William James, the founder of functionalism, studied the application of psychology in everyday life and its evolutionary roots.
    • Max Wertheimer founded Gestalt psychology, asserting that psychology must be understood as a whole, rather than through individual parts.

    Psychoanalysis and Behaviorism

    • Sigmund Freud pioneered psychoanalysis, emphasizing the impact of early experiences and the unconscious mind.
    • Ivan Pavlov is known for classical conditioning studies, particularly with salivating dogs, a key element of behaviorism.
    • John B. Watson founded behaviorism, advocating for the study of observable behavior, exemplified in his "Little Albert" experiments.
    • B.F. Skinner advanced behaviorism with operant conditioning, demonstrated through experiments with rats.

    Humanistic Psychology

    • Abraham Maslow developed the hierarchy of needs and the idea of self-actualization, focusing on human potential.
    • Carl Rogers, a prominent humanist, emphasized the inherent potential for growth in individuals and the importance of a supportive environment.

    Key Psychological Studies and Theories

    • Phineas Gage is notable for a case study highlighting personality changes due to brain injury.
    • Ernst Weber formulated the law of just noticeable differences (jnd), which describes perceptual thresholds.
    • Gustav Fechner expanded on Weber's work, studying absolute thresholds in sensory perception.
    • Melzack and Wall introduced the gate control theory of pain and hypothesized about substance P's role in pain transmission.

    Visual and Cognitive Perception

    • Eleanor Gibson conducted research on depth perception using the Visual Cliff experiment, illustrating innate and learned aspects of perception.
    • The Müller-Lyer Illusion demonstrates how perception can be influenced by contextual cues, such as line length perception shaped by arrow-like ends.

    Learning Theories and Memory

    • Edward Thorndike proposed the Law of Effect, detailing how behaviors followed by positive outcomes are likely to be repeated.
    • Daniel Dennett theorized multiple streams of consciousness, expanding the understanding of cognitive processes.
    • Edward Tolman conducted maze learning studies with rats, discovering principles of latent learning.
    • Wolfgang Köhler studied insight in learning through chimpanzee experiments, emphasizing problem-solving processes.

    Behavioral Conditioning and Memory Studies

    • Martin Seligman developed the theory of learned helplessness through experiments involving dogs.
    • Albert Bandura studied observational learning, famously using Bobo dolls to illustrate social learning dynamics.
    • The Brelands researched instinctive drift, showcasing challenges in conditioning due to natural behaviors.

    Memory Research

    • George Sperling's studies on iconic sensory memory highlighted the brief retention of visual information.
    • George Miller studied short-term memory capacity through the digit-span test, establishing the magic number seven.
    • Robert Rescorla researched operant conditioning and emphasized the need for conditioned stimuli (CS) to provide predictive information about unconditioned stimuli (UCS).

    Neuropsychology and Language

    • Broca's Area, located in the left frontal lobe, is essential for fluent speech production.
    • Wernicke's Area in the left temporal lobe is vital for language comprehension and meaningful sentence formation.

    Memory Modification and Intelligence

    • Elizabeth Loftus' work on memory alteration revealed the impact of misinformation on recall.
    • Pezdeck and Hodge concluded that false memories can be successfully implanted if plausible.
    • Hermann Ebbinghaus discovered the forgetting curve, illustrating retention and loss over time.
    • Spearman introduced the concepts of g factor (general intelligence) and s factor (specific abilities) in intelligence studies.
    • Howard Gardner proposed the theory of multiple intelligences, classifying nine distinct types.
    • Robert Sternberg formulated the triarchic theory of intelligence, which includes analytical, creative, and practical components.
    • Alfred Binet created the first formal intelligence test, laying the groundwork for modern IQ testing.
    • William Stern developed the formula for calculating the Intelligence Quotient (IQ), standardizing intelligence assessment.

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    Test your knowledge of key figures in psychology with these flashcards. Learn about influential psychologists such as Wilhelm Wundt, Edward Titchener, and William James, and their contributions to the field. Perfect for AP Psychology students looking to reinforce their understanding of foundational concepts.

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