AP Psychology Module 3 Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following processes has begun as soon as special receptor cells for the senses are activated?

  • Habituation
  • Sublimination
  • Perception
  • Adaptation
  • Sensation (correct)

Which of the following begins at the sensory receptors and builds to higher levels of processing?

  • Top-down processing
  • Top-up processing
  • Bottom-up processing (correct)
  • Bottom-down processing
  • Perception

What is the process by which physical sensations are converted into neural messages?

Transduction

What is the smallest difference between two stimuli that can be detected called?

<p>Difference threshold</p> Signup and view all the answers

The reality that stress increases your sensitivity to faint pain stimuli is important to a student's understanding of?

<p>Signal detection theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the tendency of sensory receptor cells to become less responsive to a stimulus that is unchanging called?

<p>Sensory adaptation</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a scenario where someone becomes less aware of a smell over time, what is this an example of?

<p>Sensory adaptation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is it called when someone fails to retain auditory information due to focus elsewhere?

<p>Cocktail party effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how perceptual sets change our perceptions.

<p>Perceptual sets alter our perceptions based on expectations and context, impacting what we see.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the protective covering of the eye through which light first enters?

<p>Cornea</p> Signup and view all the answers

The opponent-process theory states that color vision is the result of opposing retinal processing. Red is paired with ______________ and yellow is paired with ______________.

<p>green; blue</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the color you see?

<p>Length of the wave</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the lens in the eye?

<p>It changes shape to bring objects into focus on the retina.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ is the muscle that responds to light intensity by dilating or constricting.

<p>iris</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cones are to ______________ vision as rods are to ______________ vision.

<p>color; black and white</p> Signup and view all the answers

When light moves through the lens in the eye, the representation is flipped and inverted. The flipped image is projected onto which part of the eye?

<p>Retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following shows the steps of visual processing in the correct order?

<p>Gathering light, within the eye processing, transduction, and brain processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean to be 'colorblind'?

<p>Lack red or green-sensitive cones or both</p> Signup and view all the answers

What produces the 'blind spot'?

<p>No receptor cells where the optic nerve leaves the eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of psychologists suggested that the 'whole' exceeds the sum of its parts?

<p>Gestalt psychologists</p> Signup and view all the answers

A newborn baby does not possess the ability to perceive the world in three dimensions. This develops early in infancy. The newborn baby lacks ______________.

<p>depth perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

The tendency to perceive the apparent brightness of an object as the same, even when the light conditions change, is known as?

<p>Brightness constancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do we call the difference seen by each eye for objects that are close in the visual field?

<p>Retinal disparity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Railroad tracks appear to narrow as they...?

<p>get farther away.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Sensation

The process that starts when specialized receptor cells in our senses are activated.

Perception

The process where information from sensory receptors is processed by the brain and organized into meaningful perceptions. It moves from simple sensory input to complex interpretations.

Bottom-up processing

Information processing that begins with sensory receptors and moves to higher levels of processing in the brain. In other words, it's the process of building a perception from the bottom up, starting with basic sensory information.

Transduction

The conversion of different forms of energy (like light, sound, or pressure) into neural signals that the brain can understand.

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Difference threshold

The smallest difference between two stimuli that can be detected 50% of the time.

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Signal detection theory

A theory that explains how our sensitivity to stimuli changes based on factors like expectations and background noise.

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Sensory adaptation

The process where sensory receptor cells become less responsive to unchanging stimuli.

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Cocktail party effect

The ability to focus on a single conversation in a noisy environment, like a party.

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Perceptual set

The tendency to perceive stimuli based on existing expectations and context.

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Cornea

The clear outer covering of the eye where light first enters.

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Opponent-process theory

A theory that suggests color perception is based on opposing pairs of colors: red vs. green, yellow vs. blue, and black vs. white.

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Color perception

The length of light waves determines how they are perceived as different colors.

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Lens

The flexible structure inside the eye that focuses light onto the retina.

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Iris

The colored part of the eye that controls the amount of light entering by expanding or contracting.

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Cones

Specialized receptor cells in the retina responsible for color vision.

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Rods

Specialized receptor cells in the retina responsible for black and white vision.

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Retina

The light-sensitive inner lining of the eye that receives and processes visual information.

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Visual processing

The process where light enters the eye, is processed by the eye's structures, is transduced into neural signals, and is finally processed in the brain.

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Colorblindness

A condition where individuals lack certain types of cones, causing them to have difficulty distinguishing specific colors.

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Blind spot

The point on the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye, resulting in a blind spot due to the absence of receptor cells.

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Gestalt psychology

A school of psychology that emphasizes the idea that the whole perception is more than just the sum of its parts.

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Depth perception

The ability to perceive depth and distance, which develops during infancy.

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Brightness constancy

The tendency to perceive an object as having a constant brightness even when the amount of light it reflects changes.

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Retinal disparity

The difference in images seen by each eye, which is used to perceive depth.

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Railroad tracks illusion

A visual illusion where parallel lines appear to converge as they extend into the distance, like railroad tracks.

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Study Notes

Sensation and Perception

  • Sensation is the process initiated by activation of special receptor cells for the senses.
  • Bottom-up processing begins at sensory receptors, building to higher levels of processing.
  • Transduction is the conversion of physical sensations into neural messages for perception.
  • Difference threshold refers to the smallest detectable difference between two stimuli.

Theories and Concepts

  • Signal detection theory explains how stress can increase sensitivity to faint pain stimuli.
  • Sensory adaptation occurs when sensory receptor cells become less responsive to unchanging stimuli.
  • The cocktail party effect describes the ability to focus on a single conversation in a noisy environment while filtering out other sounds.

Perception Influences

  • Perceptual sets influence how individuals interpret stimuli based on expectations and context, leading to subjective experiences.
  • Example: One person might see a bunny in clouds while another sees a flower, showcasing different interpretations of the same visual stimulus.

Visual System Anatomy and Function

  • The cornea is the protective covering of the eye where light first enters.
  • The opponent-process theory posits opposing retinal processing for colors; red vs. green and yellow vs. blue.
  • Color perception is dependent on the length of the light wave.

Eye Components

  • The lens changes shape to focus objects on the retina.
  • The iris adjusts light intensity by dilating or constricting.
  • Cones are responsible for color vision, while rods are connected to black and white vision.
  • The retina receives an inverted image when light passes through the lens.

Visual Processing and Perception

  • Visual processing steps include gathering light, in-eye processing, transduction, and brain processing.
  • Colorblindness arises from a lack of red-sensitive or green-sensitive cones.
  • The blind spot occurs due to the absence of receptor cells where the optic nerve exits the eye.

Gestalt Psychology and Depth Perception

  • Gestalt psychologists argue that the "whole" perception is greater than the sum of its parts.
  • Newborns initially lack depth perception, which develops during infancy.
  • Brightness constancy ensures the perceived brightness of an object remains consistent despite changes in light.

Retinal Disparity

  • Retinal disparity describes the difference in images seen by each eye; it's larger for nearby objects and smaller for distant ones.

Additional Visual Illusions

  • Railroad tracks illustrate an optical illusion where they appear to converge as they extend into the distance.

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Description

Test your knowledge of key concepts from AP Psychology Module 3. This quiz focuses on the processes of sensation and perception, including various types of processing. Challenge yourself and enhance your understanding of foundational psychological principles.

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