Questions and Answers
Who is Jean Piaget?
What is a schema?
A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.
What is the sensorimotor stage?
What does object permanence refer to?
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What characterizes the preoperational stage?
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Egocentrism means the ability to understand another person's perspective.
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What is conservation?
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In the formal operations stage, individuals can think __________.
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Who developed the social development theory?
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What is the zone of proximal development?
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What did Harry Harlow's monkey studies reveal?
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Contact comfort is irrelevant to attachment formation.
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What can result from deprivation of attachment?
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Study Notes
Jean Piaget
- Studied cognitive development from birth through adulthood.
- Proposed that children are active thinkers, creating schemas to make sense of the world.
Schema
- A mental framework for organizing and interpreting information.
- Key processes include assimilation (integrating new information) and accommodation (adjusting schemas).
Sensorimotor Stage
- Lasts from birth to 2 years.
- Babies learn through their senses and actions.
Object Permanence
- Understanding that objects continue to exist even when not seen.
- Example: Playing peekaboo illustrates this concept.
Preoperational Stage
- Ages 2 to 7, characterized by symbolic thinking and pretend play.
- Children use symbols to represent objects (e.g., using a phone or feeding dolls).
Animism
- Belief that all objects possess life and feelings.
- Common in the preoperational stage.
Egocentrism
- Inability to view the world from another person's perspective.
- Results in behaviors like not sharing and claiming items as "mine."
Theory of Mind
- Understanding of other people’s perspectives and feelings.
- Develops in the preoperational stage.
Conservation
- Recognition that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape or appearance.
- Children lack conservation skills due to centration in the preoperational stage.
Centration
- Focus on one aspect of a situation while ignoring others.
- Example: Only considering the height of water in a cup, not its width.
Concrete Operational Stage
- Ages 7 to 11, children comprehend conservation concepts.
- Think logically about concrete events and can organize information.
Decentering
- Ability to consider multiple aspects of a problem simultaneously.
- Enables understanding that different-sized containers can hold the same volume.
Reversibility
- Understanding that objects can change and revert back to their original state.
- Example: Math problems that involve addition and subtraction.
Seriation
- Sorting objects based on size, shape, or other characteristics.
- Important for logical thinking and organization.
Transitivity
- Recognizing relationships between different objects.
- Example: Arranging items from shortest to tallest.
Formal Operations Stage
- Begins after age 12, encompassing adolescence and adulthood.
- Involves hypothetical and abstract thinking capabilities.
Lev Vygotsky
- Created the social development theory of cognition.
- Emphasized the importance of social interactions in cognitive development.
Vygotsky’s Social Development Theory
- Cognitive development arises from children's interactions with their community.
- Presents a sociocultural perspective in contrast to Piaget's focus on individual cognitive stages.
More Knowledgeable Other (MKO)
- An expert or adult who assists a learner in developing new skills.
- Plays a crucial role in guided learning.
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
- The range of tasks that a learner can perform with assistance but cannot accomplish independently.
- Suggests optimal learning occurs just beyond the current ability level with guidance.
Harry Harlow
- Conducted attachment studies using monkeys.
- Challenged the notion that attachment is based solely on nourishment.
Monkey Studies
- Demonstrated that infant monkeys preferred soft, comforting mothers over wire ones providing food.
- Highlighted the importance of contact comfort in attachment.
Contact Comfort
- Preference for soft, comforting touch associated with skin-to-skin contact.
- Critical factor in forming attachments.
Effects of Deprivation of Attachment
- Can lead to emotional withdrawal, fearfulness, and aggression in children.
- Links have been observed between lack of attachment and increased criminal behavior in adulthood.
Mary Ainsworth
- Known for the Strange Situation experiment assessing attachment styles in children.
- Evaluated children's behavior in a structured setting with their mothers.
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Description
Test your knowledge of key concepts in developmental psychology with this flashcard quiz. You'll explore the theories of prominent psychologists like Jean Piaget and concepts such as schemas. Perfect for AP Psychology students preparing for their exams.
