Questions and Answers
What is the key signature for C Major?
What is the key signature for G Major?
What is the key signature for D Major?
What is the key signature for A Major?
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What is the key signature for E Major?
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What is the key signature for B Major?
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What is the key signature for F# Major?
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What is the key signature for C# Major?
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What is the key signature for F Major?
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What is the key signature for B♭ Major?
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What is the key signature for E♭ Major?
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What is the key signature for A♭ Major?
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What is the key signature for D♭ Major?
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What is the key signature for G♭ Major?
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What is the key signature for C♭ Major?
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How do you find intervals?
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How do you find interval inversions?
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Name the interval qualities from smallest to largest.
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What is Natural Minor?
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What is Harmonic Minor?
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What is Melodic Minor?
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How do you find the relative minor?
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How do you find the relative major?
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What is the Diatonic Series for Major?
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What is the Diatonic Series for Minor?
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What is the Harmonic Motion Pull Chart for Major?
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What is the Harmonic Motion Pull Chart for Minor?
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What is Parallel Minor?
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What is Figured Bass?
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What are the inversion symbols for Triads?
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What are the inversion symbols for 7th Chords?
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What do accidentals or slashes in figured bass mean?
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What is the interval pattern for Dominant 7th Chords?
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What is the interval pattern for Major 7th Chords?
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What is the interval pattern for Minor 7th Chords?
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What is the interval pattern for Half Diminished 7th Chords?
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What is the interval pattern for Fully Diminished 7th Chords?
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What is a Progression (P)?
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What is Elision?
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What is Retrogression (R)?
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What is Repetition (S)?
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What is Modal Music?
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What is Tonal Music?
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Name the Scale Degree Names in Order.
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What is a Cadence?
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What is a Perfect Authentic Cadence (PAC)?
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Study Notes
Key Signatures with Corresponding Minor Scales
- C Major has no sharps or flats; its relative minor is A minor.
- G Major contains 1 sharp; its relative minor is E minor.
- D Major features 2 sharps; its relative minor is B minor.
- A Major includes 3 sharps; its relative minor is F# minor.
- E Major has 4 sharps; its relative minor is C# minor.
- B Major contains 5 sharps; its relative minor is G# minor.
- F# Major features 6 sharps; its relative minor is D# minor.
- C# Major has 7 sharps; its relative minor is A# minor.
- F Major has 1 flat; its relative minor is D minor.
- B♭ Major contains 2 flats; its relative minor is G minor.
- E♭ Major features 3 flats; its relative minor is C minor.
- A♭ Major has 4 flats; its relative minor is F minor.
- D♭ Major contains 5 flats; its relative minor is B♭ minor.
- G♭ Major features 6 flats; its relative minor is E♭ minor.
- C♭ Major has 7 flats; its relative minor is A♭ minor.
Intervals and Their Qualities
- To determine intervals, count the letter names between the starting and ending notes, then count half steps.
- An even number of half steps indicates a minor interval; an odd number indicates a major interval.
- For interval inversions, subtract the interval's value from 9 and switch its quality: Major to minor, perfect stays perfect, augmented becomes diminished and vice versa.
Types of Minor Scales
- Natural Minor aligns with the same key signature as its relative major with no raised notes.
- Harmonic Minor raises the 7th degree, creating a leading tone.
- Melodic Minor raises both the 6th and 7th degrees on ascension and lowers them on descension.
Finding Relative Major and Minor
- Relative minor can be found by counting 4 half steps down from the tonic of the major scale.
- Relative major can be found by counting 4 half steps up from the tonic of the minor scale.
Diatonic Series
- Major Scale Degrees: I-ii-iii-IV-V-vi-vii*-I
- Minor Scale Degrees: i-ii*-III-iv-V-VI-vii*-i
Harmonic Motion Pull Chart
- Major Progressions: iii-vi/ii, ii*-IV-IV-V, V⁷/vii⁷-I
- Minor Progressions: III-VI/ii*,iv, ii⁷-V, V⁷/vii*, vii⁷-I
Chord and Figured Bass Inversions
- Triads:
- Root Position: 5/3
- First Inversion: 6 or 6/3
- Second Inversion: 6/4
- 7th Chords:
- Root Position: 7
- 1st Inversion: 6/5
- 2nd Inversion: 4/3
- 3rd Inversion: 4/2
Accidentals in Figured Bass
- Accidentals apply to the notes above the bass line, with slashes indicating raises.
Chord Patterns
- Dominant 7th: Major/minor/minor
- Major 7th: Major/Major/Major
- Minor 7th: minor/Major/minor
- Half Diminished 7th: minor/minor/Major
- Fully Diminished 7th: minor/minor/minor
Types of Harmonic Progressions
- Progression (P) indicates forward motion.
- Elision skips chords on the pull chart.
- Retrogression (R) denotes backward motion.
- Repetition (S) repeats a chord functionally.
Types of Music
- Modal Music is centered on scales without a key.
- Tonal Music is based around a key, typically starting and ending on the tonic.
Scale Degree Names
- 1: Tonic
- 2: Supertonic
- 3: Mediant
- 4: Subdominant
- 5: Dominant
- 6: Submediant
- 7: Leading Tone
- 8: Tonic
Cadences
- Cadences serve as musical punctuation marking the end of a phrase, often consisting of a two-chord progression.
- Perfect Authentic Cadence (PAC) denotes a strong resolution.
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Prepare for the AP Music Theory exam with these flashcards focused on key signatures. Each card defines a major and minor key using the number of sharps or flats. A perfect study aid for mastering music theory concepts.