A&P Lab Practical 2 Flashcards

Study Notes

Amylase

Amylase functions to break down starches into simpler sugars.
Optimal pH for amylase activity is critical; extreme pH levels cause denaturation and loss of function.

Cellulase and Cellulose

Cellulose requires cellulase for digestion; animals like ruminants cannot produce cellulase.
Symbiotic bacteria enable these animals to digest cellulose by synthesizing cellulase.

Amylase and Cellulose

Amylase has no effect on cellulose as it targets 1-4 alpha glucose links, while cellulose has 1-4 beta links.
Despite both being glucose polymers, only starch is digestible by amylase.

Pepsin

Pepsin is a digestive enzyme derived from pepsinogen, activated by hydrochloric acid in the stomach.
Once activated, pepsin breaks down proteins into polypeptides, not fully into amino acids.

pH and Pepsin Function

Optimal pH for pepsin is between 1.5 and 2.0, with activity diminishing past pH 4.0 due to denaturation.
Pepsin can undergo autolysis at higher pH levels; storing at pH 11.0 causes loss of activity.

Lipase

Lipase enzymes break down lipids into glycerol and fatty acids, facilitating lipid digestion.

Bile Salts

Bile salts, produced in the liver, emulsify fats into smaller globules, enhancing lipid digestion.
They also play a role in maintaining an alkaline environment necessary for effective lipid digestion through hydrolysis.

Bile Salts and pH

More bile salts lead to a higher starting pH, while less bile results in lower pH levels.
Bile salts act as buffers; increased amounts stabilize alkaline pH, while less bile permits easier pH drops.
Increased bile leads to smaller oil droplets, enhancing breakdown and consequently lowering pH.

Description

This quiz focuses on key concepts related to amylase, its function, and the effects of pH and bacteria on digestion. Ideal for students preparing for an Anatomy & Physiology lab practical. Test your knowledge and understanding of these crucial biological processes.