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What is the function of the Stem Cell in Gastric Pits?

What is the effect of prolonged vomiting on potassium levels?

What is the main composition of saliva secreted by the salivary glands?

What is the function of the Parietal Cell in Gastric Pits?

What is the main stimulant for gastric acid secretion?

What is the name of the constriction in the oesophagus where it is pierced by the diaphragm?

What is the main difference in the mucosa between the oesophagus and the stomach?

Which part of the small intestine is primarily located in the left upper quadrant?

What is the function of the pancreas in relation to the duodenum?

What is the name of the glands found in the jejunum and ileum?

What is the primary mechanism by which gastric contents flow back into the oesophagus in GORD?

What is the major control point of glycolysis?

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of glucokinase?

What is the primary role of the pentose phosphate pathway in relation to glycolysis?

What is the fate of pyruvate produced by glycolysis in the presence of oxygen?

What is the term for a condition where there is too little glucose in the blood?

What happens to glucose in hepatocytes during glycogenesis?

What is the role of insulin in hepatocytes?

What is the result of excess ammonia in the body?

What is the function of transaminase in protein metabolism?

What is the significance of high concentrations of ALT and AST?

What is the purpose of the urea cycle?

What is the primary function of apoproteins in lipoproteins?

What is the main difference between chylomicrons and VLDL?

What is the fate of VLDL in the liver?

What is the purpose of packaging TAG into lipoproteins?

What is the primary component of chylomicrons?

What is the role of lipoprotein lipase in lipoprotein metabolism?

What is the function of ICCs in the stomach?

What is the primary function of the fundus and body of the stomach?

What is the significance of the greater curvature of the stomach?

What is the third phase of gastric motility?

What determines the rate of gastric emptying?

How do liquids empty from the stomach?

What is the significance of the antrum in gastric motility?

What happens to large solid particles in the stomach?

What is the primary function of bile salts in the digestion process?

What is the primary site of cholesterol synthesis?

What is the primary function of cholangiocytes in the bile duct?

What is the fate of bilirubin in the liver?

What is the primary stimulus for the secretion of bile from the gallbladder?

What is the consequence of unchecked bile salt accumulation in the colon?

What is the primary mechanism of action of statins?

What is the primary function of conjugation of bilirubin with glucuronate?

What is the primary source of acetyl-CoA for extrahepatic tissues?

What is the primary mechanism preventing fat oxidation when glucose is plentiful?

What is the primary function of fructose 1,6-biphosphatase in gluconeogenesis?

What is the primary role of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in exercise?

Which of the following enzymes is involved in the conversion of pyruvate to PEP in gluconeogenesis?

What is the primary adaptation occurring during fatigue?

What is the byproduct of the reaction catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase in gluconeogenesis?

Why is oxaloacetate not directly transported back into the cytoplasm in gluconeogenesis?

What is the primary fate of acetoacetate in the liver?

What is the primary consequence of unregulated ketone production?

What is the purpose of malate dehydrogenase in gluconeogenesis?

What is the result of fatty acid oxidation in the context of gluconeogenesis?

What is the primary source of energy for the brain during starvation?

What is the primary mechanism by which AMP affects glucose handling in skeletal muscle?

Why can fatty acids not be used to directly produce glucose?

What is the role of GTP in the conversion of oxaloacetate to PEP in gluconeogenesis?

What is the purpose of rearranging glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate in glycolysis?

What is the effect of high levels of ATP and citrate on the activity of Phosphofructokinase-1?

What is the product of the cleavage of fructose-1, 6-biphosphate in glycolysis?

What is the role of glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase in glycolysis?

What is the function of phosphoglycerate kinase in glycolysis?

What is the fate of NADH in aerobic conditions?

What is the role of pyruvate kinase in glycolysis?

What is the significance of the conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-2,6-biphosphate?

What is the function of the migrating motor complex in the small intestine?

What is the primary trigger for the contraction of the stomach during the gastric phase?

What is the role of enteric sensory neurons in the regulation of peristalsis?

During swallowing, what is the function of the second peristaltic wave?

What is the primary function of the cephalic phase of food intake?

What is the primary role of insulin in regards to glycogen synthesis?

What is the mechanism by which the migrating motor complex clears undigested material from the small intestine?

What is the energy source for the conversion of glucose-1-phosphate to UDP-glucose?

What is the primary function of glycogen phosphorylase in the liver?

What is the primary function of the gastric phase of food intake?

What is the effect of phosphorylation on glycogen synthase activity?

What is the role of the vagus nerve in the regulation of gastrointestinal motility?

What is the primary role of glucagon in regards to glycogen metabolism?

What is the fate of glycogen breakdown in muscle cells?

What is the primary function of glycogenin in glycogen synthesis?

What is the effect of dephosphorylation on glycogen synthase activity?

What is the primary mechanism by which the TCA cycle rate is controlled?

What is the role of calcium in the TCA cycle in muscles?

What is the purpose of pyruvate carboxylase in the TCA cycle?

What is the effect of hypoxia on oxidative metabolism?

What is the role of HIF1 in hypoxia?

What is the consequence of reduced mitochondrial density in hypoxia?

What is the primary adaptation to hypoxia?

What is the role of gene expression changes in hypoxia?

What percentage of the liver's blood supply is derived from the portal circulation?

What type of muscle fiber uses oxidative metabolism from glucose and fatty acids?

What is the primary function of the hepatic lobule?

What is the primary fuel source for Type 2 Fast Twitch muscle fibers?

What is the primary fate of glucose in hepatocytes?

What is the purpose of AMP in skeletal muscle during exercise?

What is the name of the vein that drains the liver and empties into the inferior vena cava?

What is the role of calcium in muscle contraction?

What is the function of the bile duct in the hepatic lobule?

What is the primary source of ATP replenishment during exercise?

What is the primary source of oxygenated blood to the liver?

What is the result of a decrease in ATP levels during exercise?

What is the term for the process of removing toxins from the blood?

What type of metabolism is used by Type 2 Fast Twitch muscle fibers?

What is the primary function of the gallbladder?

What is the function of phosphorylase kinase in muscle contraction?

What is the primary mechanism of IgA transport across the epithelium in the gut?

What is the role of MadCAM in the gut?

What is the function of the J chain in IgA and IgM?

Why is IgA not a good mediator of inflammatory reactions?

What is the role of breast endothelial cells in lactation?

What is the significance of IgA production in the gut?

What is the primary mechanism by which high glucose conditions inhibit fat oxidation?

How does the brain adapt to starvation in terms of glucose and ketone body utilisation?

What is the consequence of depleted oxaloacetate levels in the liver?

What is the role of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in exercise?

What is the fate of acetoacetate in extrahepatic tissues?

What is the consequence of uncontrolled ketone production in the absence of insulin?

What is the purpose of phosphofructokinase-1 in glycolysis, and how is it regulated?

What is the significance of the conversion of fructose-1,6-biphosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate in glycolysis?

Describe the peripheral branches of the facial nerve and their role in muscles of facial expression.

Outline the peripheral course and distribution of the hypoglossal nerve, and its role in the motor innervation of the tongue.

What is the role of glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase in glycolysis, and what is the significance of NADH production in this step?

What is the role of phosphoglycerate kinase in glycolysis, and what is the significance of ATP production in this step?

Describe the anatomy and nervous innervation of the salivary glands and ducts.

What is the fate of NADH in aerobic and anaerobic conditions, and what is the significance of this in terms of energy production?

Define the boundaries and describe the major features of the naso, oro, and laryngopharynx.

Outline the nervous innervation of the pharynx, including the control of swallowing and the gag reflex.

What is the role of pyruvate kinase in glycolysis, and what is the significance of pyruvate production in this step?

Explain how the gastro-oesophageal junction contributes to the prevention of reflux.

What is the role of calcium in the contraction of muscle fibers, and how does it relate to the breakdown of glycogen?

How does the balance between type 1 and type 2 muscle fibers change in response to different types of exercise, and what are the implications for energy production?

What is the role of AMP as a metabolic signal, and how does it influence glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation?

How does the demand for ATP in skeletal muscle change during exercise, and what are the primary sources of ATP replenishment?

What is the significance of the different types of muscle fibers in terms of their metabolic characteristics and exercise performance?

How does the metabolism of ethanol affect carbohydrate and fat metabolism, and what are the potential consequences for overall energy metabolism?

The stomach has a thick wall with strong and frequent peristaltic contractions in the proximal area.

The pylorus is the region of the stomach where receptive relaxation occurs.

The frequency of contractions is higher at the greater curvature of the stomach.

The adaptive relaxation of the stomach is a reflex that occurs in response to food entering the pharynx.

The emptying of liquids from the stomach is a linear process.

The third phase of gastric motility is the propulsion of food into the duodenum.

The vagus nerve innervates the stomach.

The duodenum is primarily located in the left upper quadrant.

The oesophagus has five constrictions.

Peyer's glands are found in the duodenum.

The oesophagus enters the stomach at the pyloric orifice.

The AP receptors are activated directly by blood circulation.

Ischaemia activates 5-HT receptors in the NTS.

Hyoscine blocks the effects of dopamine in the brainstem.

Cannabinoid derivatives are effective against severe emesis.

D2 receptors are antagonized directly on the area postrema.

Vagus nerve links motion to AP receptors.

The masseter muscle is involved in the depression of the mandible.

The lingual tonsils are located in the anterior part of the tongue.

The parotid gland is supplied by the facial nerve.

The foramen cecum is located at the base of the tongue.

The lateral pterygoid muscle is involved in the elevation of the mandible.

The trigeminal nerve is responsible for the sensation of the upper teeth.

Metoclopramide, a D2 antagonist, reduces nausea by stimulating gastrointestinal propulsion.

Ghrelin receptor agonists decrease appetite and increase vomiting.

Lipoprotein lipase plays a role in the synthesis of triacylglycerol in adipose tissue.

Octreotide, a somatostatin analogue, reduces inflammation by increasing the expression of ghrelin receptors.

The main function of ICCs in nausea is to regulate the rhythmic contraction of the stomach.

Prucalopride, a 5-HT4 agonist, reduces nausea by inhibiting gastrointestinal propulsion.