AP II Lecture Exam 1 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is the difference between exteroceptors and interoceptors? What do they do and where are they located?

Exteroceptors detect stimuli outside the body (taste, smell, vision) and are located on special senses surfaces. Interoceptors detect stimuli inside the body (blood pressure, blood volume, pH) and are found in the tissues of the heart, blood vessels, and lungs.

What is an example of a specialized sensory cell known as a 'separate cell'?

Taste cell in the tongue.

What is the name of the structure where the process of sensation begins?

Sensory receptors.

What does color vision depend on in terms of cell type?

Cones; red, blue, green. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the rods?

Black and white vision; provide night and peripheral vision. Signup and view all the answers

What are the areas/structures of the eye that light travels through to reach the retina?

Cornea, aqueous humor, pupil, lens, vitreous humor. Signup and view all the answers

What does the tympanic membrane do?

Separates the outer ear from the middle ear and transmits vibrations to the bones of the middle ear. Signup and view all the answers

What does the cochlea do?

Processes sound vibrations and converts them into nerve signals. Signup and view all the answers

How do loud sounds damage hearing?

Loud noises overwork hair cells and they die. Signup and view all the answers

How do the tectorial membrane and hair cells interact to allow you to hear loud and soft sounds?

Pressure waves move the basilar membrane and cause the hair cells to move; the louder the noise, the more the hair cells move. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the ciliary muscle and the lens when you look at something far away?

The ciliary muscle relaxes, pulling the lens into a flat shape. Signup and view all the answers

How do sweet taste buds work?

Sugar binds to membrane receptors and stimulates the receptor. Signup and view all the answers

How do salty taste buds work?

Has a sodium chloride ion channel that is stimulated in the presence of salt. Signup and view all the answers

How do sour taste buds work?

The receptor has a hydrogen ion channel that is stimulated in the presence of hydrogen ions. Signup and view all the answers

How do umami taste buds work?

Amino acids bind to the receptor membrane and stimulate the receptor. Signup and view all the answers

How do bitter taste buds work?

Quinine binds to the membrane receptor to stimulate the receptor. Signup and view all the answers

What kinds of things stimulate both olfactory cells and taste buds?

The five tastes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of all the cells that action potentials pass through in the retina?

Ganglion cells, amacrine cells, bipolar cells, horizontal cells, photoreceptor cells (rods and cones). Signup and view all the answers

Why does color vision in bright light provide greater resolution than night vision?

A single cone receptor connects to a single bipolar cell and ganglion cell, while 100 rods can connect to one ganglion cell. Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called that results in the formation of the cells of the blood?

Hemopoiesis. Signup and view all the answers

What does a megakaryocyte do?

Breaks up to form platelets. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of white blood cells squeezing between endothelial cells to exit a blood vessel?

Diapedesis. Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone controls the development of a megakaryocyte?

Thrombopoietin. Signup and view all the answers

What would happen to someone if they lost their fibrinogen?

Wouldn't clot properly. Signup and view all the answers

What would happen to someone injected with a large dose of erythropoietin?

Produce too many red blood cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is the protein in plasma that helps with the transport of lipids in the blood?

Serum albumin and globulins. Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the parent cell for all the formed elements in the blood?

Hemocytoblast. Signup and view all the answers

What are all the steps of hemostasis?

Vasoconstriction, temporary blockage of a break by platelet plug, and blood coagulation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the common enzyme conglomerate that gets generated from both the intrinsic and extrinsic blood clotting pathways?

Fibrin. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Sensory Receptors

Exteroceptors detect external stimuli (e.g., taste, smell, vision) situated in special senses surfaces.
Interoceptors sense internal stimuli (e.g., blood pressure, blood volume, pH) found in heart, blood vessels, lungs.

Specialized Sensory Cells

"Separate cells" in sensory systems, such as taste cells located on the tongue.

Sensation Initiation

Sensory receptors serve as the starting point for sensation processes.

Color Vision

Dependent on cone cells which are sensitive to specific wavelengths: red, blue, and green.

Rods Function

Provide black and white vision, essential for night and peripheral sight.

Eye Structures for Light Passage

Light traverses: cornea, aqueous humor, pupil, lens, vitreous humor, culminating at the retina.

Tympanic Membrane Role

Distinguishes outer ear from middle ear; transmits sound vibrations to middle ear bones.

Cochlea Dynamics

Vibrations from the stapes travel through the cochlea; pitch determines vibration travel depth along the tectorial membrane.

Loud Sounds and Hearing Damage

Excessive loud noises can overwhelm hair cells leading to their death.

Tectorial Membrane and Hair Cells Interaction

Movement in cochlea induces hair cell displacement; louder sounds result in more movement, softer sounds less.

Ciliary Muscle and Lens Adjustments

Ciliary muscle relaxes for distant vision (over 20 ft.), flattening the lens.

Taste Bud Functions

Sweet: sugar binds to receptors to stimulate sensation.
Salty: sodium chloride ion channels trigger stimulation in salt presence.
Sour: hydrogen ions bind to receptors, facilitating stimulation.
Umami: amino acids activate receptors upon binding.
Bitter: quinine binds to receptors to provoke sensation.

Stimuli for Olfactory Cells and Taste Buds

All five basic tastes can stimulate both olfactory cells and taste buds.

Retina Cell Pathway

Action potentials in retina pass through ganglion cells, amacrine cells, bipolar cells, horizontal cells, and photoreceptor cells (rods and cones).

Color Vision Resolution

Bright light enhances resolution; one cone connects to a single bipolar and ganglion cell, while up to 100 rods connect to one ganglion cell.

Blood Cell Formation

Hemopoiesis is the process resulting in blood cell development.

Megakaryocyte Function

Key role in forming platelets by breaking down.

Diapedesis Process

White blood cells squeeze through endothelial cells to exit blood vessels.

Hormonal Regulation of Megakaryocytes

Thrombopoietin influences megakaryocyte development.

Fibrinogen Loss Consequences

A person without fibrinogen cannot clot properly.

Erythropoietin Injection Effects

High doses lead to overproduction of red blood cells.

Blood Protein Transport

Serum albumin and globulins assist in lipid transport within plasma.

Parent Cell of Blood Elements

Hemocytoblast is the progenitor cell for all formed blood elements.

Hemostasis Steps

Involves vasoconstriction, temporary platelet plug formation, and blood coagulation.

Clotting Pathway Enzyme

Fibrin is the common enzyme product of both intrinsic and extrinsic clotting pathways.

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Description

This quiz provides flashcards covering essential concepts related to exteroceptors and interoceptors in the human body. Learn the key differences, their functions, and locations to better understand sensory perception. Great for exam preparation!