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Questions and Answers
Which of the receptor types might function as a nociceptor?
Which of the receptor types might function as a nociceptor?
- Nociceptors (correct)
- Proprioceptors
- Chemoreceptors
- Thermoreceptors
Which of the receptor types pictured functions exclusively as a proprioceptor?
Which of the receptor types pictured functions exclusively as a proprioceptor?
- Proprioceptors (correct)
- Mechanoreceptors
- Nociceptors
- Thermoreceptors
Which of the following is NOT correct concerning nerves?
Which of the following is NOT correct concerning nerves?
- Nerves are covered by an outer sheath called the epineurium.
- Nerves are analogous to tracts in the CNS.
- Nerves are collections of axons of either sensory or motor neurons but not both. (correct)
- Nerves do not contain cell bodies.
Which connective tissue layer directly surrounds every axon in a nerve?
Which connective tissue layer directly surrounds every axon in a nerve?
Which cranial nerve innervates most of the visceral organs?
Which cranial nerve innervates most of the visceral organs?
Which of the following cranial nerves carries only motor information?
Which of the following cranial nerves carries only motor information?
The phrenic nerve is a branch from the __________.
The phrenic nerve is a branch from the __________.
Hiccups could occur if there was irritation or damage to the ______.
Hiccups could occur if there was irritation or damage to the ______.
Injury to the brachial plexus could cause weakness or paralysis to all of the following EXCEPT the ______.
Injury to the brachial plexus could cause weakness or paralysis to all of the following EXCEPT the ______.
In carpal tunnel syndrome, there may be tingling and numbness in the thumb due to compression of the ______.
In carpal tunnel syndrome, there may be tingling and numbness in the thumb due to compression of the ______.
Damage to the ulnar nerve could result in the inability to ______.
Damage to the ulnar nerve could result in the inability to ______.
Which of the following lists the hierarchy of motor control from lowest to highest level of control?
Which of the following lists the hierarchy of motor control from lowest to highest level of control?
Which of the following is NOT required for a reflex arc?
Which of the following is NOT required for a reflex arc?
What mechanism momentarily overrides your reflexive action to immediately drop a hot cookie sheet?
What mechanism momentarily overrides your reflexive action to immediately drop a hot cookie sheet?
Classify the neuron at A.
Classify the neuron at A.
What is the specific function of the structure labeled F?
What is the specific function of the structure labeled F?
What reaction would occur if the muscle labeled E were suddenly pulled longer?
What reaction would occur if the muscle labeled E were suddenly pulled longer?
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Study Notes
Nociceptors and Proprioceptors
- Nociceptors detect harmful stimuli, such as extreme temperatures, pH levels, and noxious chemicals. They are associated with free nerve endings of specialized neurons.
- Proprioceptors respond specifically to body movement, with muscle spindles detecting muscle stretch.
Nerve Structure and Function
- Nerves consist of axons from either sensory or motor neurons and can be mixed, containing both types.
- Each nerve axon is surrounded by endoneurium, a delicate layer of loose connective tissue that includes associated Schwann cells.
Cranial Nerves
- The vagus nerve innervates many visceral organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities.
- The abducens nerve is exclusively motor, supplying the extrinsic eye muscle that abducts the eye.
Phrenic Nerve
- The phrenic nerve, branching from the cervical plexus, provides both motor and sensory innervation to the diaphragm and is critical for breathing.
Reflex Actions and Interneurons
- Hiccups may occur from irritation to motor branches of ventral rami in the C3-C5 spinal cord region, affecting diaphragm function.
- Interneurons are not essential for reflex arcs, although they often serve as integration points.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome and Ulnar Nerve Damage
- Carpal tunnel syndrome can cause tingling in the thumb due to median nerve compression affecting the cutaneous branches.
- Damage to the ulnar nerve may hinder wrist flexion through its innervation of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle.
Motor Control Hierarchy
- The hierarchy of motor control ranges from the segmental level (lowest), to the projection level, and finally to the precommand level (highest).
Muscle Reaction Mechanism
- When handling hot objects, brainstem and cortex modulation can temporarily override reflex actions to protect against immediate drops, allowing for controlled removal.
Muscle Spindle Function
- Muscle spindles act as proprioceptors, specifically responding to changes in muscle length and contributing to the sense of body position.
General Neurological Concepts
- Afferent sensory neurons transmit information from muscles to the central nervous system, playing a crucial role in motor control and reflex actions.
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